Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious transboundary disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals. An uncontrolled animal movement has a significant role in the disease circulation in endemic areas. An accurate and early diagnosis is critical for FMD control. Seventeen tongue epithelium and three vesicular fluid samples were collected from five cattle farms, and nine tongue epithelium and one vesicular fluid samples were collected from three buffalo farms suspected to be infected with FMDV at Qalyubia government in 2021. Trail of virus isolation was carried out on BHK-21 cell line followed by conventional RT-PCR for typing of the obtained virus isolate. Partial sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 for the field isolate revealed that it was serotype O topotype EA-3 lineage Alx-17 (FMDV/O/EGY/Qalyubia/2021/OM681353) and closely related to the previously local Egyptian isolate in 2017 (FMDV/O/EGY/2017/OM221230.1) with nucleotide identity 99.36% and sharing nucleotide similarity 99.72% with the previously isolated virus from Sudan (FMDV/O/SUD/2017/MK422569.1) and Ethiopia (FMDV/O/ETH/2017/ MN987453.1) during 2017 that suggested the transboundary incursion. The isolated FMDV/O/EA-3/Alx-17 shared 85.65% nucleotide identity with the sequenced FMDV serotype O topotype ME-SA lineage Sharqaui-72 (FMDV/O/EGY/OM681355), while 15.28% nucleotide difference between the isolated FMDV/O/EA-3/Alx-17 and the vaccine strain Pan-Asia-2 (FMDV/O/ME-SA/Pan-Asia-2/OK642671.1). The sequenced Sharqaui-72 virus revealed 86.01% sequence identity with the Pan-Asia-2 vaccine strain. The authors recommend for periodical molecular and genetic characterization between field isolates and vaccine strains, more cross-matching (R-value) and challenge studies between EA-3 viruses and PanAsia-2 vaccine strain, in addition to strict quarantine measures for the imported animals

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute viral animal disease; that causes huge economic consequences to the livestock sector. Totally, 118 samples (Epithelial Tissue (n = 38), Vesicles (n = 30), Heart (n = 31), Tongue (n = 9), Oral swabs (n = 10), and 232 samples (Epithelial Tissue (n = 108), Vesicular fluids (n = 36), Heart (n = 28), Tongue (n = 24), Oral swabs (n = 36) collected from suspected animals during FMD outbreak investigations in 2021, and 2022, respectively, constituted the material of the study. This study aimed to detect the Foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) and their serotype using qRT-PCR, and antigen detection using ELISA, followed by virus isolation on BHK-21 cells then identification. The field samples were analyzed by FMDV screening primers/probes then the virus serotype-specific primers/probes revealing 57/118 (48.30%) during 2021, and 158/232 (68.10%) during 2022 positive samples with qRT-PCR and categorized into serotype O 46/57 (80.70%), 90/158 (56.96%) with the highest prevalence, followed by serotype A 7/57 (12.28%), 58/158 (36.70%), serotype SAT-2 4/57 (7%), 10/158 (6.32%) during 2021, and 2022, respectively. FMD antigen detection ELISA was performed giving results with 45/118 (38.14%) in 2021, and 120/232(51.72%) in 2022. The virus is propagated successfully in 4/10 (40%) in 2021, and 6/17(35.29%) in 2022 samples. Results illustrated in the present study help in general detection of FMDV serotypes currently circulating in Egypt, and aid in understanding of current status of epidemiological aspect of the disease to construct efficient control plan. FMDV serotypes Real-time RT-PCR Diagnosis FMD status

Through the present work we succeeded to prepare live attenuated and inactivated canine distemper (CD) using Snyder Hill strain and canine parvo (CP) vaccines using CPV type 2a srain either in mono or bivalent formulae aiming to establish the most safe and potent vaccine formula that enable puppies to withstood both virus infections. It was found that monovalent and bivalent attenuated vaccines induced higher and longer duration of immunity, showed protective CD antibody titers (64-128 by SNT and 2.4 log10 by ELISA) up to 12 months' post vaccination while inactivated ones induced lower and shorter protective immune levels (32 by SNT and l.8 log10 by ELISA) for 10 months post vaccination. Also, CP antibody levels remained with high levels (64-128 by SNT and 2.5 by ELISA) up to 12 months as induced by attenuated mono and bivalent vaccine and with lower protective values (32-64 by SNT and 1.5-1.9log10 by ELISA) by inactivated vaccines up to 11 months. Anyhow, it could be said that the bivalent CD and CP attenuated or inactivated vaccines can provide vaccinated puppies with specific protective antibodies against the two viruses.

Avian Influenza virus (AIV) is an Orthomyxovirus mainly infecting the upper respiratory tract, in numerous bird species. AIV vaccines are commonly used. In Egypt, vaccination is based on commercial H5 vaccines. This work was planned to explain that vaccination against AIV in different stages of age could be interfered with maternally derived antibodies (MDA). We studied the efficacy of available commercial inactivated H5N1 vaccine (batch number:1901230101) against H5N2 (A/chicken/EG/16194V/2016), and H5N8 (A/green winged teal/Egypt/871/2016(H5N8) (871/H5N8)). This experiment was achieved using commercial chicken groups which were vaccinated at one , five, ten and twelve day old, the chicken groups were tested every week post vaccination (PV) for the first month then follow immunity every month till the 6 th month using HI test, then challenge test were conducted at 2 nd ,3 rd and 4 th weeks PV using the recently isolated H5N2 and H5N8 field isolate strains challenge virus. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected for detection of virus shedding. Our results recorded that HI test against H5N1 , H5N2 and H5N8 viruses had no great significant difference between groups . Results of the challenge test against H5N2 virus revealed 0%,

Sheep pox virus (SPV) is a member of the genus Capripoxvirus, of family Poxviridae, which affect sheep and goats causes significant economic losses. The present study was applied for isolation and identification of Sheep pox virus from clinically affected sheep during 2017 to 2019 in five Egyptian governorates,