Objective: Since the usage of Penicillin in the early 20th century, limitations to its use such as allergy, began to demand alternatives, cause of life-threatening adverse reactions of Penicillin. Plus, the difficulty and cost to establish patient’s allergic profile and the discrepancy between test results and medical history add to this problem. In order to find a perfect substitute for Penicillin, many articles have reported the successful use of drugs of the macrolide class in treating infections for which Penicillin would normally be indicated as the first line but cannot be used due to allergy. Compiling recent publications, we compared Erythromycin and Azithromycin, as the most prominent macrolide agents which considering efficient against for broad range microbial spectrum beside determine which is the fittest to substitute Penicillin in allergic patients. We were compelled to conclude that although the drugs are fundamentally similar, Azithromycin not only presents better adverse reaction profile, but has proven to be superior in efficacy to Erythromycin in many infections where the substitute is needed, and also widens its appliance against to atypical infections, which are subject of promising for the further investigations.

Objective: Probiotics are products that contain microorganisms capable of supporting symbiotic relations with native microbiota of many environments. They are widely used and studied due to their capacity to improve biological systems’ overall health. Many hypothesis exist surrounding the mechanisms by which every microbe labelled as probiotic is the cause by which system health is enhanced by its presence. The aim of this review was to compile article’s data concerning the role of different combinations of probiotics used to treat and prevent gastrointestinal conditions, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, Helicobacter pylori infections, oral, pharyngeal and Salmonella infections. In general, other than presenting excellent safety records, several probiotic combinations registered in clinical trials could prove themselves capable of significantly preventing those infections and some proved to be capable to also treat them once established. The main challenge among the infections studies seems to be oral cavity infections, probably due to microbiota complexity. Nevertheless, probiotics seem to have good prospect for playing a major preventive and protective role in gastrointestinal infections with further investigation to gather sufficient evidence to base treatment protocols.

Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS) is an extremely rare disease with less than 300 cases recorded in medical literature. Our patient was a 37 year old male who presented at the medical office with hematospermia as his sole complaint. He had previously undergone left orchidopexy and presented with hypotrophic left testicle and right testicle agenesis. PMDS differential was considered with the clear observation of a uterus-like structure during pelvic ultrasonography. The organs were later studied in magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by post-surgery anatomopathological examination. Patient was discharged 24 h after surgery and developed azoospermia post-surgery.

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Abstract. Urinary tract infections (UTI) constitute a major complaint in medical offices worldwide, especially concerning women. Although the efficacy of cranberry in UTI prevention is still controversial it has long been recommended for use in clinical practice. Based on the recommendation evaluation, the present study aimed to conduct a systematic review to assess the efficacy of cranberry prophylaxis in recurrent UTIs in women. Main changes among reviewed publications revolved around the mechanism by which cranberry produce the results observed and once it was established that it relates to bacterial fimbriae-mediated adhesion, most authors now struggle to establish accurate measures to come up with a protocol for its use. Many studies compared cranberry effects to placebo and traditional antibiotic treatment and showed promising results about effectiveness, as well as economic drawbacks. Altogether, cranberries could help to delay ecological resistance to antibiotics as well as protect patients from infections. Further investigation, mainly regarding dosage, is needed to formulate protocols and safely introduce cranberries to clinical practice