A diagnostic climatological study of winter cold temperature extremes in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) is presented. This diagnosis is based on temperature data collected at the Meteorological Station of Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (IAG/USP) from 1950 to 2000. The persistence of synoptic and climatological patterns has been studied through principal component (PC) analysis and the results are compared with monthly anomalies in sea-surface temperature (SST) of the eastern Pacific and South Atlantic. The extreme cold air temperatures, on a monthly basis, have shown no significant change since 1950. On the other hand, the mean monthly air temperatures have shown a slight warming trend, in agreement with the South Atlantic Ocean warming trend. The PC indicates significant loadings of two SST anomaly types: a cold anomaly of the South Atlantic Ocean, and a warm anomaly off the southern Brazilian coast. The latter could also be responsible for some extreme cold events (for daily minimum temperatures) in the MASP, and to a dominant westerly wind direction (southwest to northwest). Both the cold events and the westerly wind direction were evident in such winters as 1953, 1975, 1978, 1981, and 1994. On the other hand, the cold mean monthly temperatures are very well correlated to a broad cold pool anomaly in the South Atlantic at around 25 to 35°S and 15 to 55°W -sometimes narrower (such as in 1979 and 1988), and sometimes broader (such as 1964 and 1990). Where there was a narrowing or a widening, the prevailing wind direction was from the south-southeast. Therefore, the conclusion of these results is that the SST anomalies in the South Atlantic Ocean have a dominant effect on the São Paulo winter temperature climatology.
Este artigo é um aperfeiçoamento do trabalho “Retrocessos na Legislação que rege o Licenciamento Ambiental como um obstáculo para o cumprimento da Agenda 2030”, apresentado no III Encontro Nacional de Políticas Públicas na Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de São Paulo. Tem como objetivo analisar e discutir o Projeto de Lei nº 3.729/2004 que está em tramitação no congresso nacional e que, de acordo com órgãos ambientais, propõe a flexibilização do instrumento de licenciamento ambiental, algo que pode ser caracterizado como um retrocesso na legislação ambiental. Busca-se desta forma refletir acerca de como essa alteração legislativa pode vir a ser um impeditivo para que o Brasil construa um desenvolvimento sustentável conforme preconizado na Agenda 2030, considerando que historicamente o instrumento de licenciamento ambiental tende a buscar a compatibilização entre desenvolvimento econômico e proteção ambiental, sendo importante, portanto fortalecer o licenciamento e torna-lo eficiente, visando construir instituições eficazes com legitimidade e capacidade de promover o desenvolvimento sustentável através de uma política de comando e controle.
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