The upper reach of the Amazon River has a very dynamic morphology, with the highest rates of migration observed in the entire Amazon River. It has an anabranching channel pattern which alternates between a condition of single channel and anabranching structures; in particular, the anabranching structure near Iquitos City shows an interesting channel behavior. Its channels migrate at different rates, where there are processes of narrowing and widening, and also collision and development of new channels. The temporal evolution of the Iquitos anabranching structure is described during the period from 1985 to 2014. The study is carried out by using satellite images to track the migration patterns, which are contrasted to the underlying geological units in the valley. Bathymetry of the structure and several velocity transects were obtained during a field campaign prior to the 2012 historic flood event. This information allowed for numerical modeling in order to compute the hydrodynamic flow field that complements the temporal analysis, aiming to understand the planform migration patterns after the 2012 flood event. It is observed that the geological units play an important role in modulating the migration rates and planform development of the channels. The channels in the structure are in contention to be the main channel, which become the secondary channel after migration. This causes the channels to experience a rise in bed elevation and narrowing of the channel itself; if this trend continues for several more years, these channels will detach from the Iquitos anabranching structure, thus forming paleo‐channels. This geomorphic process is important for horizontal and vertical soil heterogeneity along the floodplain. In general, the analysis shows a complex interaction between the underlying geological units, flow structure, morphology of the bed and planform migration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Computational simulation is a very powerful tool to analyze industrial processes to reduce operating risks and improve profits from equipment. The present work describes the development of some computational algorithms based on the numerical method to create a simulator for the continuous casting process, which is the most popular method to produce steel products for metallurgical industries. The kinematics of industrial processing was computationally reproduced using subroutines logically programmed. The cast steel by each strand was calculated using an iterative method nested in the main loop. The process was repeated at each time step (Δt) to calculate the casting time, simultaneously, the steel billets produced were counted and stored. The subroutines were used for creating a computational representation of a continuous casting plant (CCP) and displaying the simulation of the steel displacement through the CCP. These algorithms have been developed to create a simulator using the programming language C++. Algorithms for computer animation of the continuous casting process were created using a graphical user interface (GUI). Finally, the simulator functionality was shown and validated by comparing with the industrial information of the steel production of three casters. Nomenclature: n-Strand number;A nozzle -Area of nozzle, m 2 ; A n -Area of billet (frontal area), m 2 ; l bn -Longitude of the steel out the CCP (used for comparison), m; d CZ -Length of the curved zone, m; D D -Dimension wanted, m; D P,max -Maximum dimension (pixels), pixels; D R,max -Maximum actual dimension, m; L B -Billet length, m; L F -Length of the free zone (from the end of the curved zone to the flame cutter), m; L SZ -Length of each spray zone, m; l x , l y , l z -Billet dimensions, m; m n -Mass of cast steel, t; n bn -Number of produced billets on each strand; r c -Radius of the curve zone, m; t c -Closing time of a strand, s; t o -Opening time of a strand, s; v nozzle -Speed of the jet steel (from the tundish to the mold), m/s; v n -Casting speed of the strand, m/s; V c -Volume of cast steel by all the strands at each step simulation, m 3 ; V cn -Volume of cast steel in each strand at any time, m 3 ; V l -Volume of the ladle, m 3 ; V n -Volume of cast steel by each strand, m 3 ; A. Ramírez-López et al., Computational algorithms to simulate the steel continuous casting 597 V T -Total volume of steel, m 3 ; V Total -Total volume originally in the ladle or total volume to be cast, m 3 ; Z-Displacement of the steel in the casting direction, m; ρ steel -Steel density, kg/m 3 ;Δt-Time step, s.

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