OBJECTIVE -Adiponectin has been proposed to play important roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. In experimental studies, adiponectin has also been found to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Decreased adiponectin levels have been described in patients with coronary artery disease, and circulating adiponectin predicts cardiovascular death in patients with renal failure. Because adiponectin appears to influence both insulin sensitivity and vessel wall physiology, we examined insulin sensitivity and vascular function in relation with circulating adiponectin.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We studied brachial artery vascular reactivity (high-resolution external ultrasound) and insulin sensitivity (minimal model) in 68 healthy subjects. Brachial artery vascular reactivity was also determined in 52 patients with altered glucose tolerance: 30 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or glucose intolerance (GIT) and 22 patients with type 2 diabetes.RESULTS -Circulating adiponectin concentration was significantly associated with insulin sensitivity (r ϭ 0.29, P ϭ 0.02) and with fasting serum triglycerides (r ϭ Ϫ0.29, P ϭ 0.02) in healthy subjects. In the latter, adiponectin levels were positively associated with arterial vasodilation in response to nitroglycerin (endothelium-independent vasodilation [EIVD], r ϭ 0.41, P ϭ 0.002) but not with flux-induced, endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDVD) (r ϭ 0.007, P ϭ NS). In contrast, EIVD was not significantly associated with adiponectin in subjects with IFG, GIT, or type 2 diabetes (r Յ 0.10, P ϭ NS). In a multiple linear regression analysis to predict EIVD in healthy subjects, age (P ϭ 0.012), sex (P ϭ 0.042), and adiponectin concentration (P ϭ 0.045), but not BMI, insulin sensitivity, or fasting triglycerides, contributed to 39% of EIVD variance.CONCLUSIONS -Serum adiponectin concentration appears to be significantly associated with vascular function in apparently healthy humans. This association seems to be independent of its link with insulin sensitivity.

In order to analyze whether aromatase is present in the hypophysis of adult rats, we have performed an immunohistochemical study in young adult male and female rats. Our study has revealed that the hypophysis of adult rats contains aromatase, although marked differences are found between the sexes. The hypophyses of male rats have cells immunoreactive for the enzyme, 34.40% of these hypophyseal cells showing reaction. By contrast, cells from female rats show very little reaction, only 0.84% of them being reactive. No significant differences in the percentage of immunoreactive cells between one phase and another are observed during the estrous cycle. Our results point to the immunohistochemical expression of aromatase in the hypophysis of adult rats and at the same time suggest that its expression is sex-dependent. The enzyme may therefore be involved in the regulation of adenohypophyseal cytology by androgens.

After a 2014 outbreak of severe respiratory illness caused by enterovirus D68 in the United States, sporadic cases of acute flaccid myelitis have been reported worldwide. We describe a cluster of acute flaccid myelitis cases in Argentina in 2016, adding data to the evidence of association between enterovirus D68 and this polio-like illness.

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