BACKGROUND Spinal procedures often employ real-time imaging techniques to ensure accurate implant placement. Augmented Reality (AR) is a burgeoning technology with a wide range of applications. In surgery, AR is a novel system that allows for superimposed visual information directly onto the body. The efficacy of AR in pedicle screw placement has been examined in cadaveric studies. OBJECTIVE Our objective is to review current literature that assesses the accuracy, utility, and limitations of AR in cadaveric spinal procedures. METHODS This systematic review was performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The search terms consisted of “augmented reality pedicle screw cadaver”. Studies that utilized AR in pedicle screw placement using a human cadaveric study design were included. The technical accuracy of pedicle screw placement using AR as compared to the current standards was examined. RESULTS 11 results were returned from the initial search, 7 of these fitting inclusion criteria. An additional landmark article was added for review. Three of the articles were excluded as they failed to meet inclusion criteria. When compared to current image-guided techniques (n=3), AR’s accuracy yielded mixed results. When compared to freehand techniques (n=2) and preplanned trajectories (n=3), there was greater accuracy in the AR screw placements compared to freehand placements while AR screw placements were deemed clinically accurate when deviation from preoperative paths was assessed. CONCLUSIONS The technical accuracy of pedicle screw placement using AR is significantly more accurate compared to placement using freehand technique but not significantly different compared to the screws guided with current image-guided modalities. Potential benefits of AR include the reduced need for radiation. Technical limitations exist in registration concerns and imperfect headset ergonomics. More research should further assess clinical accuracy and to address limitations noted.

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ObjectiveTo estimate stature from the sternal length in American white population using linear regression equation.RationaleThere is an extensive study to correlate the stature from long bones and sternum in the literature in the Asian continent population. However these studies are sporadic for white and Hispanic American population. In this study we used regression analysis to address the reliability of sternal length for estimation of stature in White American population.Material and MethodsThis preliminary research project was conducted at Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine during the academic year 2018–2019 and 21 female and 14 male cadavers from the Department of Anatomy were used for the study. The research project was approved by the Institutional research committee. Cadavers with any noticeable physical anomaly affecting the stature were excluded from the study. The age and ethnicity of the cadavers were obtained by the departmental records. Stature was measured using a steel tape from Heel to Vertex. After the reflexion of the skin, the length of the sternum was measured from incisura angularis to mesoxiphoid point using a digital Vernier Caliper. Regression equations were derived using SPSS statistical software.ResultsRegression equation for female: Y= 135.039 + (0.146) X where Y= stature and X= length of the sternum. Regression equation for male: Y=141.603 + (0.17) X where Y= stature and X= length of the sternum. The SD was 13.88, 16.21 and P value was 0.18, 0.12 respectively for females and males.ConclusionBased on the calculations and the P value, we concluded that the length of the sternum is not a reliable factor for stature estimation for American white population. Forensic importance of these findings and its comparison with existing literature will be discussed.Support or Funding InformationNAThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

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