This article addresses chronological problems about archaeological sites traditionally associated with the Belén culture from Hualfín Valley (Catamarca, Argentina), analyzing background research, radiocarbon dates obtained by A Rex González before 1970, and 14C dates made since 1996. First, we critically review the chronological sequence built by González for Belén sites, which include the Late period (AD 1100–1480) and Inca period (AD 1480–1536), subdivided into three phases. Methodological problems that could affect results of the first 14C dates are discussed. Based on this review, we present new 14C dating considering extraction contexts, types of samples, calibration curve data used, the laboratory where each date was obtained, and their methods of measuring, characteristics of sites of origin, and associated archaeological material. Finally, using calibrated ranges and Bayesian models, we suggest groups of events that would correspond to different times in the history of late occupations in the valley.

In this article we analyze archaeological data from Palo Blanco, located in the center of the Hualfín Valley (Dept. of Belén, Catamarca, Argentina) to discuss how a relational concept of landscape provides significant tools to reconstruct links between a local village and different landscapes configured during Late and Inka times (c. 1400-1500 AD). Also, we present how this approach allows us to develop an alternative scheme to change interpretations of the past in the region. Based on the analysis of spatial, social and temporal dimensions, we analyze archaeological evidence focusing on placement, building, flow of bodies, spatial perception, relationships between people and material culture, and chronology. Finally, we consider Palo Blanco as a typical local defensive village during late pre-Inka times, which probably changed its role during Inka conquest. ARTICLE HISTORY