Scientific interest in the potential of urban green spaces, particularly urban parks, to improve health and well-being is increasing. Traditional research methods such as observations and surveys have recently been complemented by the use of social media data to understand park visitation patterns. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of how social media data have been applied to identify patterns of urban park use, as well as the advantages and limitations of using social media data in the context of urban park studies. We used the PRISMA method to conduct a systematic literature analysis. Our main findings show that the 22 eligible papers reviewed mainly used social media data to analyse urban park visitors’ needs and demands, and to identify essential park attributes, popular activities, and the spatial, social, and ecological coherence between visitors and parks. The review allowed us to identify the advantages and limitations of using social media data in such research. These advantages include a large database, real-time data, and cost and time savings in data generation of social media data. The identified limitations of using social media data include potentially biased information, a lack of socio-demographic data, and privacy settings on social media platforms. Given the identified advantages and limitations of using social media data in researching urban park visitation patterns, we conclude that the use of social media data as supplementary data constitutes a significant advantage. However, we should critically evaluate the possible risk of bias when using social media data.

Due to urbanization, there is a high demand for research in urban ecosystems linkage to human health risks. By 2050, around 70% of the world's population will live in urban areas with the rising challenges of urban space, facilities, and services as well as increasing risks of safety, quality of life, health care, etc. Therefore, there is a great need to analyze the urban ecosystem as an urban planning tool to mitigate human health risks. The main objective of this research is to identify the most and the least investigated urban ecosystems linked to human well-being. The systematic review method is used to analyze the existing literature on ecosystem services' impact on human health risks. Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and other targeted databases are used for the defined keywords, such as urban ecosystem services and human health, urban ecosystem services and human mental health, etc. Moreover, this paper uses the chronological order and "Word and Word Combination Frequency" method for identified relevant publications. In total, there are 2,498 records analyzed as matching the searched keywords. After the reduction of duplicates, screening, and full article analysis, 107 articles were left for further analysis. The results show that interest in the topic is increasing. Some ecosystem services' linkage to human health risks is more analyzed than others. The majority of analysis is done from a single urban ecosystem perspective (e.g., green infrastructure, water supply), therefore some challenges are defined, such as the lack of research. The majority of previous investigations focus on the urban ecosystem's impact on physical illness. Although the attention towards mental health risks and urban ecosystems is increasing, there are still some gaps because of expensive and long-lasting research.