RESUMO A Insuficiência Renal Crônica é um importante problema de Saúde Pública. A falência dos rins de forma progressiva e irreversível leva o paciente a adotar modalidades renais substitutivas (Diálise, Hemodiálise e Transplante Renal), que permitem a manutenção da vida desses pacientes. Ao se deparar com uma doença incurável, sentimentos de negação e as limitações que o tratamento impõe repercutem na sua qualidade de vida, porém sabem que precisam do tratamento dialítico e enxergam na espera pelo transplante renal, uma expectativa de melhoria no modo de viver. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a produção científica referente à qualidade de vida dos pacientes renais crônicos. Nesta revisão, buscou-se artigos indexados nas bases eletrônicas SCIELO, LILACS, BVS-BIREME, publicados na língua portuguesa entre o ano de 2004 a 2014, texto completo e resumos em português através dos descritores: Hemodiálise, diálise renal, Enfermagem em nefrologia e Insuficiência renal. Sendo utilizados 25 artigos para análise nesta revisão. Nos resultados, originaramse duas categorias, a hemodiálise como fator que interfere na qualidade de vida, em que o enfoque foi às mudanças que o tratamento hemodialítico causa na vida do indivídueo, família e equipe de saúde. A outra categoria, hemodiálise como perspectiva de vida em que se considerou fatores influentes na adesão ao tratamento, pelo portador de uma doença crônica e os sentimentos desenvolvidos pelo paciente durante o seu tratamento. Nas considerações finais percebeu-se que a percepção de que cada paciente tem de sua vida, saúde e doença, deve ser levada em conta, a fim de ter sua participação e obter cada vez mais a melhoria da qualidade de vida.

The deinstitutionalization of care for individuals with mental illness is one of the fundamental purposes of Psychiatric Reform in Brazil. Therefore, there is as a central phase, the resizing of the asylum with the argument of the gradual extinction of this circumstance, through the reduction of the number of beds and exchange for therapeutic services that are made available to the community. To identify the repercussions of the deinstitutionalization process for the family member of patients with mental disorders. Scientific articles were searched in the SCIELO, LILACS, BVS-BIREME databases, referring to the theme, with no distinct period. The inclusion criteria for the selection of the sample were: articles published in Portuguese, English, Spanish and European Portuguese that portrayed the theme under study, published and indexed in the referred databases. It can be seen that the greater predominance was given to the qualitative study with 12 articles (80%) due to being researches that mostly interpret qualitative data. It is understood, therefore, that living with the chronic condition becomes, in addition to the difficulties for the family member, a condition that alters the process of being healthy for individuals and groups.

Low-cost and easily accessible sludge treatment technologies are necessary in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to evaluate the use of Moringa oleifera seed powder (MO) as a natural sludge conditioner for supernatant quality improvement prior to thickening as a result of gravity settling. The zone settling rate (ZSR) and sludge volume index (SVI) were used to evaluate the gravity settling capacity. Supernatant clarification was evaluated in terms of the capacity to remove turbidity, apparent colour, Escherichia coli, and organic matter associated with zeta potential evolution. The effects on the values of pH and electrical conductivity were also evaluated. Finally, the effects on the toxicity (chronic and acute) of the supernatant effluent were examined. A significant supernatant quality improvement was observed with the addition of MO. The ZSR (0.16 cm/min) and SVI (53 mL/g) results showed that the sludge had good sedimentability, and the addition of MO maintained these characteristics in a statistical manner. Increasing the MO dosage increased the zeta potential of the supernatant, resulting in an optimal dosage of 1.2 g/L, with a removal of 90% turbidity, 70% apparent colour, 99% E. coli, and 40% organic matter. The pH and electrical conductivity values did not change with increasing MO dosage, which is a competitive advantage of MO addition compared to iron and aluminium salt addition. A reduction in the ability to remove organic matter was observed at higher dosages of the natural coagulant due to the presence of residual MO in the final effluent. The optimal MO dosage of 1.2 g/L did not affect the acute or chronic toxicity of the supernatant. These results emphasized that M. oleifera seed powder can improve the supernatant quality and can potentially be a low-cost and easily accessible conditioner for wastewater sludge thickening.

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