Annual crops are highly sensitive to water stress, so efficient water management in orchards enhance the production and sustainability of fruit cultivation. The performance of fruit tree in terms of fruit yield, fruit size and quality and long term productivity is highly dependent on irrigation and different species respond to it differently, It is known fact that the amount of fresh water available for agriculture use is decreasing and there is a need to use water efficiently either by using water saving irrigation techniques or by scheduling irrigation as per the plant's need. The scheduling of irrigation in fruit crops has gained significant importance for last one decade due to viewed rise in temperature, changing pattern of rainfall and reduction of fresh water for irrigation purposes especially for farmers indulged in fruit culture. The recent research phenology and physiology of the fruit trees in orchard management with major emphasis on water management practices e.g. deficit irrigation can influence an optimal nutrient equilibrium in soil, improve irrigation efficiency and prevent soil erosions. On this basis, work on irrigation scheduling based on evapotranspiration demand was studied in fruit agroecosystem to maintain high yield and quality of fruit crop.

Persian walnut populations have tremendous morphological and allelic diversity in their germplasm due to heavy outcrossing and years of seed multiplication. These variations are assessed by morphological, cytological, biochemical and molecular markers. Various researchers have used different tree, foliage, flower, nut, and kernel traits to evaluate morphological/phenotypic diversity. In walnut, morphological indices are considered the first to describe and classify the germplasm, but the environment influences them. In comparison, DNA-based markers can detect genetic diversity at any stage of plant development and have been shown to be a potential tool for assessing variation at the DNA level and deciphering genetic relationships within and between species. Microsatellites are very powerful and informative among DNA-based markers in studying genetic relationships and genetic identity at different levels. They are neutral, highly frequent, uniformly distributed, hypervariable, codominant, highly reproducible, produce many alleles per locus, and require a small amount of DNA for analysis. Current breeding objectives can be achieved by selecting superior genotypes from the germplasm, supplemented by molecular characterization in the selection of parents for each breeding program. Therefore, the use of morphological and molecular markers is recommended for efficient exploration and utilization of germplasm resources and to improve diversity among genetic resources. The published literature on morphological and molecular markers, especially SSRs, is presented in this review to provide current insights into the level of genetic diversity in walnut.

Persian walnut populations have tremendous morphological and allelic diversity in their germplasm due to heavy outcrossing and years of seed multiplication. These variations are assessed by morphological, cytological, biochemical and molecular markers. Various researchers have used different tree, foliage, flower, nut, and kernel traits to evaluate morphological/phenotypic diversity. In walnut, morphological indices are considered the first to describe and classify the germplasm, but the environment influences them. In comparison, DNA-based markers can detect genetic diversity at any stage of plant development and have been shown to be a potential tool for assessing variation at the DNA level and deciphering genetic relationships within and between species. Microsatellites are very powerful and informative among DNA-based markers in studying genetic relationships and genetic identity at different levels. They are neutral, highly frequent, uniformly distributed, hypervariable, codominant, highly reproducible, produce many alleles per locus, and require a small amount of DNA for analysis. Current breeding objectives can be achieved by selecting superior genotypes from the germplasm, supplemented by molecular characterization in the selection of parents for each breeding program. Therefore, the use of morphological and molecular markers is recommended for efficient exploration and utilization of germplasm resources and to improve diversity among genetic resources. The published literature on morphological and molecular markers, especially SSRs, is presented in this review to provide current insights into the level of genetic diversity in walnut.

Tamarillo has a unique flavor and rich history. South American fruit is popular in New Zealand. Tamarillo is commercially grown in New Zealand and South America. It grows best under sub-tropical areas. It matures in 18 months. It’s 2 m tall and has lifespan of about 7 years. For propagation, seeds or cuttings are employed, and plant trimming for effective output varies according to propagation method. Tamarillo plants are wind-sensitive and need cover or windbreaks. It’s a beautiful fruit with smooth, shining skin. Yellow, red, and purple fruits are available. This fruit contains vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. It has a very low-calorie count. Breeding focuses on fruit quality through selection, hybridization, and biotechnological treatments for plantation and post-harvest management. Diseases, pests, viruses, and physiological abnormalities can be treated with plant protection techniques. Like other fruits, it’s edible after harvesting. Made into juices, concentrates, jams, gelatins, and sweets. If processing facilities and transport are available, it can be exported as pulp or concentrate. The tamarillo can diversify sub-tropical fruit production as a high-value cash crop, with excellent fruits commanding premium prices in Europe, North America, and Japan.

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