To reveal and compare the prevalence of pathotypes and virulence genes, as well as antimicrobial resistance and genotyping of poultry E. coli isolates from China and Algeria. Pathotype and seven virulence genes were tested by PCR, susceptibility to antimicrobials was evaluated using broth microdilution method, and genotyping was analyzed by PFGE. Six isolates were identified as pathogenic E. coli. Virulence gene testing showed that the frequency of ompT, iss, fimC, iroN, hlyF and iutA was high in the isolates from Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangsu and Xinjiang province, while stx2 was detected in only two isolates from Shandong, and stx2, iss, fimC, hlyF and iutA could not be detected in Tibet isolates. Importantly, nearly all isolates from Algeria carried seven virulence genes. Drug resistance testing of 141 strains showed that 98.2% (109/111) of the isolates from China and all isolates (30/30) from Algeria resist to more than three classes of antimicrobials. The PFGE genotyping of 157 isolates yielded 134 types, demonstrated a high level of genetic diversity among these isolates. Thus, the poultry E. coli from both China and Algeria exhibited either high frequencies of antimicrobial resistance or high rates of virulence genes carrying.

Salmonella spp.is the most important food-borne pathogens of public health interest incriminated in poultry meat worldwide. The purpose of this study to estimate the prevalence Salmonella spp. contamination in poultry products from 12 different located geographical areas from among the 12 poultry slaughterhouses authorized in China and to characterize all the isolates by serotypes, PFGE patterns, MLST patterns and antimicrobial susceptibility. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the poultry slaughterhouse was 10.4%. All 100 strains of Salmonella spp. comprising 13 majority serotypes were identified. S. Enteritidis was the most frequently isolated from samples. The isolates displayed resistance to sulfisoxazole (SF) (79.0%), doxycycline (DOX) (68.0%), tetracycline (TE) (65.0%), florfenicol (FFC) (64.0%), ampicillin (AM) (50.0%), gentamicin (GM) (48.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (30.0%), spectinomycin (SPT) (30.0%), enrofloxacin (ENR) (10.0%), ofloxacin (NOR) (10.0%), amoxicillin potassium clavulanat (AC) (1.0%) and polymyxin (PME) (4.0%). The Salmonella spp. isolates were not resistant to cefotaxime (EFT). Each isolates were multi-drug resistant as they were resistant to at least 2 groups of antimicrobials. Four clusters and 38 fingerprint-patterns generated by PFGE were identified among strains recovered from various locations, providing information on associations among the strains as well as evidence of the existence of persistent strains in some areas. MLST analysis of isolates identified the 10 STs, the 7 housekeeping genes had the different variation.

An epidemiological investigation of Salmonella enteritidis in pig and pork samples from eight slaughterhouses in Shandong Province, China, was conducted from December 2014 to October 2015. A total of 22.2% (142/640), of the slaughterhouse samples were recovered positive for Salmonella spp.. All Salmonella-positive were characterized using serotyping, antimicrobial resistance testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Ten serotypes were shared by all isolates, with the most common serotypes being Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Thompson. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed that the highest antimicrobial resistance rate was against sulfisoxazole (91.55%) with many multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. MLST analysis showed that nine sequence type (ST) patterns were shared, ST40 was the most common (79 isolates) followed by ST19 (26 isolates) and ST26 (24 isolates). PFGE permitted the resolution of XbaI macrorestriction fragments of all the isolates, displaying the high similarity. Three clusters and 31 PFGE patterns were generated by PFGE analysis. Our results indicated that Salmonella spp. isolates from eight slaughterhouses were phenotypically and genetically homologous. These data could be used for further evolutionary analyses.