Purpose – solvency II framework regulates how much capital the European Union insurance companies must hold. The amount of necessary capital can be calculated using a standard formula or an internal model. On the basis of the review of other authors’ empirical research, the present paper aim at identifying factors that influence necessary capital and propos-ing necessary areas of improvement for the methodology of an internal capital model. Research methodology – to conduct the paper, the authors have used the extended literature review. Analytical methods and comparative methods have been used for the Baltic non-life insurance market analysis. Findings – the Baltic market does not use an internal model even for a major risk – premium and reserve risks. A review of the current literature findings shows that the main weakness of the standard formula is risk aggregation. Research limitations – identified factors apply to non-life insurance companies under the Solvency II framework with a focus on reserve risk. Practical implications – factors are identified that should be implemented in the internal model methodology. The paper will help avoid using internal models as only a modern risk management tool and improve risk profile accuracy. Originality/Value – improvements of the internal model methodology are proposed based on a literature review. The au-thors have identified the main directions, issues and improvement possibilities for reaching modern risk management.

Copula theory has got a rapid development in recent years. Most used copulas are symmetric: Archimedean are symmetric by construction while other continuous multivariate copulas are usually constructed from elliptical distributions and therefore are symmetric. From skewed copulas we can refer only to a copula introduced in [5], which the authors called skew t-copula. The construction of it differs from our approach. We introduce a multivariate t-copula which is based on the skew t-distribution introduced in [1]. Parameters of the copula have been estimated by method of moments and a simulation rule is given. The behaviour of estimates of the shape parameter of the skewed t-distribution is illustrated by simulation. The skew t-copula is used for modelling real data.

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The study gives an overview of the Baltic non-life insurance market. The purpose of the research is to summarise stability statistics on solvency ratios, risk profiles and capital surplus, which was contained in Solvency and Financial Condition reports (SFCR) in 2016 published first time by non-life insurance companies in European Union and Baltic market (Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania). Solvency II came into effect in 2016, and these reports have been prepared using the new requirements of the Solvency II framework. All non-life insurance companies are required to have eligible own funds at least equal to solvency capital requirement (SCR) in order to avoid supervisory intervention (own funds divided by SCR are required to be at least 100 %). The SCR is based on well known risk measure value at risk with 99.5 % confidence level over a one-year time horizon. Baltic non-life insurance companies were strong capitalized (median 155 %) in 2016. It means that all Baltic companies can survive even if 1 in 200 years events have occurred although Baltic solvency coverage ratio is lower than the median ratio in European Union (209 %). For Latvian non-life insurance market, solvency ratio median is the lowest in European Union comparing by countries. The authors have analysed the historical development of the market and have calculated financial ratios, Gini’s concentration index, as well as dissimilarity index. The authors have investigated the current and future internal and external risks and issues for the Baltic non-life insurance market, such as political environment, low-yield environment, and market competition due to new mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities, and a new rule for accounting for insurance companies IFRS17.