The rural out‐migration of young people leads to problems such as “brain drain” and the overageing of the rural population. The purpose of this paper is to study return migration motives among students originating from rural areas. The case study relates to the province of Akmola, northern Kazakhstan. Based on data collected from college and university students (n = 357), a binary logistic regression model is used to identify rural return motives. Noneconomic and economic motives are equally important in forming a return intention. Our findings do not suggest that particularly underperforming students intend to return. As expected, compared with those in major cities, students who study in a regional town intend to return more often. We also found a large difference in return intentions along ethnic lines. Students of non‐Kazakh decent are much more likely to return than ethnic Kazakhs, and the two ethnic groups have quite distinct motives indicating signs of ethnic discrimination against non‐Kazakhs in the job market.
В статье проанализирована методическая система учебников «Самопознание» для старших классов и предложена стратегия рефлексивного преподавания. Кратко проанализирована история учебников, изменение функций учебников как стержня методической системы преподавания предмета. Условно выделены три уровня методической системы предмета: макроуровень -целостное понимание концепции предмета, мезоуровня -структуризация содержания предмета, учебных программ и учебников по классам (вектора горизонтальных срезов), а также преемственность модулей/разделов программы от класса к классу (вертикальные срезы). Данные срезы помогают проследить горизонтальную и вертикальную преемственность методической системы предмета и учебников. На микроуровне -методика обучения каждой ценности предмета самопознания. Уровни методической системы предмета могут быть спроектированы на понимание методической системы учебников. Обобщены в таблице темы учебников для 8-12 классов, чем проиллюстрирована преемственность разделов предмета. В статье отражены результаты опытно-педагогического исследования по совершенствованию практики рефлексивного преподавания и методики обучения школьников. Для этого использованы 5-шаговая техника анализа учебника и методика чек-листов. В опытной работе приняло участие 107 слушателей повышения квалификации учителей предмета «Самопознание».
This paper analyzes the granularity hypothesis in a large emerging economy, Kazakhstan. We use a new longitudinal dataset at the firm level and at quarterly frequency between 2012 and 2018 to document the size distribution of firms and to provide evidence that it follows a power law. We find that the largest 30 firms explain nearly 80 percent of the growth in aggregate total factor productivity. This confirms earlier research for the U.S. and other developed countries. However, the granular nature of the Kazakh economy is even more outspoken than in other countries. Thus idiosyncratic shocks and the way they ripple through the production network matter to understand changes in aggregate productivity growth. Moreover, since these granular firms are concentrated in the oil industry it exposes the vulnerability of the economy more to unexpected shocks in one industry in particular.
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