Gender determination is the first step for biological identification. With the widespread use of machine learning algorithms (MLA) for diagnosis, the significance of applying them also in gender determination studies has become apparent. This study has therefore aimed at determining gender from the parameters obtained out of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the cranio-cervical junction and cervical-spinal canal by using MLA. MRI of the craniocervical junction and cervical-spinal canal of 110 men and 110 women were included in this study. The 15 parameters were tested with Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) algorithms. Accuracy (Acc), Specificity (Spe), Sensitivity (Sen), F1 score (F1), Matthews-correlation coefficient (Mcc) values were used as performance criteria. The Acc, Spe, Sen, F1, and Mcc were found to be 1.00 in the LR, LDA, QDA and RF algorithms. The ratios of the Acc, Spe, Sen, and F1 were 0.98, and of the Mcc was 0.96 in the DT algorithm. It was found that the ratio between the SHAP analyzer of the RF algorithm and the belt of the ratio between the arch of the atlas and the anterior-posterior distance of the dens (R3) parameter had a higher contribution to the estimation of gender compared to other parameters. It was concluded that the LDA, QDA, LR, DT and RF algorithms applied to the parameters acquired from the MRI of the craniocervical junction and cervical-spinal canal, could determine the gender with very high accuracy.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the average of the morphometric parameters of the scapula to accurate and successful analyzes in the clinic. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 dry bone scapula, 8 left and 16 right, were included in the study. Parameters determined on the scapula; scapula superio-inferior glenoid diameter (SIGD), anterio-posterior glenoid diameter 1 (APG1), anterio-posterior glenoid diameter 2 (APG2), anterio-posterior glenoid diameter 3 (APG3), scapula width (SW), scapula length (SL), basis-spina distance (BS), spina scapula width (SSW), acromiocoracoid width (AW), scapula margo lateralis length (SML), scapula margo medialis length 1 (SML 1), scapula margo medialis length 2 (SML 2), scapula margo medialis length 3 (SML 3), scapula maximum width (MSW), cavitas glenoidalis antero-posterior width (CGAPW), cavitas glenoidalis superio-inferior width (CGSIW), incisura scapula width (ISW), incisura scapula depth (ISD), the maximum length of proccessus coracoideus (MLPC), maximum proccessus coracoideus thickness (MPCK), the shortest distance between the lateral edge of the proccessus coracoideus tip and the anterior upper edge of the cavitas glenoidalis (PCL-CGK). In addition, scapular index (SI), infraspinate index (ISI), and glenoid index (GI) values were calculated and classified by evaluating the cavitas glenoidalis (CGS), coracoglenoid area (CAS), and incisura scapula shape (ISS). Results: The mean of the determined parameters; SIGD; 3.79±0.31, APG1; 2.47±0.27, APG2; 2.01±0.31, APG3; 2.94±0.55, SW; 10.35±0.84, SL; 15.02±1.17, BS; 7.26±0.82, SSW; 14.4±1.22, AW; 6.18±0.92, SML; 13.43±0.93, SML1; 5.01±0.51, SML2; 11.06±1.1, SML3; 10.15±0.71, MSW; 15,4±1,05, CGAPW; 2.62±0.26, CGSIW; 3.77±0.3, ISW; 8.84±2.18, ISD; 5.25±1.69, MLPC; 44.67±3.23, MPCK;10.06±1.93, PCL-CGK;14.6±1.49. Also SI; 65.8±4.07, ISI; 203.86±18.4, GI; It was calculated as 69.74±5.8. SCG; 87.5% pear type, 8.3% oval type and 4.16% inverted comma type, SCA; 33.3% round shaped, 57.14% square shaped, 9.52% hook shaped, SIS; It is classified as 12.5% type 1, 16.6% type 2, 37.5% type 3 and 33.3% type 4. Conclusion: It is thought that the results of the analysis of the parameters determined in the study will add clinical depth to many surgical approaches such as glenohumeral arthrodesis, internal fixation, fracture stabilization, and rotator cuff tendinitis, in more accurate analysis of shoulder anomalies and fractures.

Introduction: The palmaris longus muscle displays a great variation in terms of incidence and shape. This study has documented the incidence ratio of this muscle among the students at Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Medicine, and has revealed the effects of its presence on wrist proprioception and grip strength.Methods: A total of 101 students between the ages of 18 and 25 were included in the study. Age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and dominant upper extremity of the individuals were recorded. After the presence of palmaris longus tendon (PLT) was determined by using the Schaeffer's test, wrist proprioception was evaluated by using a digital inclinometer, and grip strength was evaluated by using a hand dynamometer.Results: PLT absence rates were evaluated separately as right and left, and it was found as 16.8% and 17.8%. No correlation was found between the dominant upper extremity and BMI and the presence of PLT. The presence or absence of PLT has no effect on grip strength and wrist proprioception.Conclusion: PLT is used in many clinical areas, such as reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, graft applications, tendon repairs, ptosis correction operations, and ligament stabilization. We think there will be no significant loss in the sense of proprioception and grip strength in the absence of PLT.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between body mass index and navicular drop in healthy young individuals by considering gender differences. In addition, it is to support the literature for a better understanding of the effect of the foot on the balance mechanisms and to contribute to the development of new approaches in addition to the existing treatment approaches.Methods: A hundred medical school students between the ages of 18-25 were included in our study. The participants’ age, height, and weight information were recorded, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The navicular drop test was performed to measure the pronation response of the foot.Results: The mean±SD values of the determined parameters in men and women were as follows respectively: Age: 20 and 20; Height (cm): 179±12.7 and 163±0.05, Weight (kg): 78.8±5.3 and 54.5; BMI (kg/m2): 24.4±3.5 and 20.2, right navicular tubercle height in a sitting position (SNTR): 43.7±4.8 and 38.7±5.1; right navicular tubercle height in a standing position (StNTR): 36.4±4.2 and 24.9±4.8; the navicular drop rate of the right foot (NDRR): 7.2±4.2 and 7.2±5.3; left navicular tubercle height in a sitting position (SNTL): 37.2±3.5 and 32.3±5.3; left navicular tubercle height in a standing position (StNTL): 30±4.7 and 31.5±5.2; the navicular drop rate of the left foot (NDRL): 7.2±4.7 and 7.4±4.6.Conclusion: As a result of our study, it is seen that an insignificant change in the rate of navicular drop as the body mass index increases in men and women.