Background: Primary infertility is a common occurrence which affects approximately 15% of couples who desire to begin their family. Chromosomal abnormalities are well-established causes of pregnancy loss but may also have a role in explaining the cause of male infertility, especially with nonobstructive semen abnormalities. Hence, awareness regarding safety of artificial reproductive technology in these individuals due to underlying sperm aneuploidy is required. Aims: The aims of the study are to determine the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in primary infertile males with nonobstructive semen abnormalities and correlate with their endocrine profile. Study Design: A case–control study, in which 100 males with primary infertility and non-obstructive semen abnormalities were evaluated for chromosomal abnormality and hormonal profile; and were compared with 50 healthy males with normal semen analysis and at least one biological child. Materials and Methods: Blood T-lymphocytes were cultured using RPMI-1640 medium for obtaining metaphases and chromosomal analysis. Statistical Analysis: SPSS software and Student's t -test were used. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Azoospermia (81%) was the most common nonobstructive semen abnormality. Overall prevalence of major chromosomal abnormalities and polymorphic variants was 16% and 7%, respectively. Klinefelter syndrome was the most common sex chromosomal numerical abnormality seen in 6.17% of cases with azoospermia. All healthy control males had 46, XY karyotype. Higher levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and lower levels of testosterone along with testicular volumes were observed in infertile males with abnormal karyotype (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Primary infertile males with nonobstructive semen abnormality have high frequency of chromosomal aberrations, which justify the requirement of cytogenetic testing in these patients.

Granulocytic sarcoma, also known as myeloid sarcoma or chloroma, is a neoplasm of the myeloid cells that can arise before, concurrent with or following haematolymphoid malignancies, mostly associated with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML). It is an uncommon extramedullary manifestation of AML. We report the case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with a painless lump in her breast. Her past medical history revealed AML, treated and considered in remission. A biopsy was performed in the palpable mass and the histopathological findings were consistent with a Granulocytic sarcoma of the breast, which was considered as a relapse of AML.

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is an uncommon, nonneoplastic, chronic process in which the affected organ is destroyed by massive cellular infiltration of foamy histiocytes admixed with multinucleated giant cells, plasma cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and foci of necrosis. The organs most commonly affected by this entity are kidney and gallbladder. Only a few cases involving the ovary have been reported. The etiology of this entity is unknown, but the associated risk factors are infection, inappropriate antibiotic therapy, use of intrauterine contraceptive device, abnormalities in lipid metabolism, endometriosis, leiomyoma, and recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease. The current case was a 31-year-old female with post-in vitro fertilization (post-IVF) twin pregnancy, who presented with pain in the abdomen, provisionally diagnosed as ovarian mass with suspicion of malignancy. Patient was treated with antibiotics and an elective lower segment cesarean section was planned, due to lower abdominal pain and the presentation of both fetuses being breech. Patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with right oophorectomy and left double-J stenting, in view of left hydronephrosis. Diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous oophoritis was established on histopathological examination. There is only a single case; previously documented from India, in the setting of primary infertility. The present case report stresses that the condition may affect women of any age group and may be encountered in pregnancy, as has been observed in this case. Hence, thinking about this differential diagnosis in the cases presenting with similar complaints, would be of great value to avoid misdiagnosing them.

Introduction: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common occurrence which affects approximately 15-20% of couples. Chromosomal abnormality is an important cause of recurrent abortions especially if either of the partner is a carrier of balanced translocation. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in couples suffering from first trimester RPL and compare with normal control. Materials and Methods: A prospective case-control study, in which 261 couples with history of two or more abortions were evaluated for various chromosomal abnormalities; and compared with 190 healthy couples with no history of abortion and at least one normal biological child. Peripheral blood T-lymphocytes were cultured using RPMI-1640 medium for obtaining metaphases and chromosomal analysis. SPSS software and Student’s t test were used. p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 261 couples in RPL group, 240(91.95%) had normal karyotype, 17(6.51%) had major chromosomal abnormalities and 04(1.53%) had polymorphic variants. Most of the couples had two abortions (39.8%). Females were more commonly affected with M:F=0.214. Structural abnormalities (n=12,70.59%) were more frequent than numerical abnormalities (n=5,29.41%). There was no statistical correlation between age, number of abortions and major chromosomal abnormalities (p=0.06). Conclusion: Chromosomal aberrations in carrier parents, predispose them to RPL and can also be transmitted to the offspring which may results in imbalance in their genetic constitution, thus justifying the requirement of cytogenetic testing in these patients.

Plexiform schwannoma is a rare benign variant of Schwann cell tumor characterised by multinodular plexiform growth pattern. Usual location of this tumor includes trunk, head, neck and upper extremities but it may rarely be found in lower extremities. It generally affects young adults with no sex predilection. We report a case of 37 years old male who presented with gradually progressive swelling of right little finger of 28years duration that was diagnosed as giant cell tumor of tendon sheath clinically, radiologically and intraoperatively. Authors wish to discuss the case due to its clinical rarity and diagnostic difficulties due to many common histological mimickers at that site.