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ObjectThis study aimed to analyze the association between low handgrip strength (HGS) and low back pain (LBP) according to physical activity (PA) in the general population aged over 50 years.MethodsNationwide health surveys and examinations were performed in a cross-sectional representative of the Korean general population (n = 7,550 in 2014, n = 7,380 in 2015). Chronic LBP status was determined by self-reported survey responses with respect to the occurrence of LBP for more than 30 days during the previous 3 months. Maximal HGS was determined as the maximal strength of the dominant hand, and low HGS was defined as measurement in the lower 20th percentile of HGS measurements for the general population. High PA was defined as muscle-strengthening exercise for at least 3 days within 1 week. Demographics, medical history, and other variables were used to analyze adjusted weighted logistic regression models with propensity score matching. After propensity score matching, 429 participants were included in each group.ResultsAnalysis was confined to those aged 50–89 years who responded to the chronic LBP survey and had no missing data on HGS. Low HGS and LBP showed significant association in the crude logistic regression model. In the multiple logistic regression model, after adjusting for confounding factors, low HGS was significantly associated with LBP in women with low PA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.75, p = 0.047). In the logistic regression model after propensity score matching, low HGS was also significantly related to LBP in women with low PA (aOR: 3.12, p = 0.004).ConclusionsOur study showed the relationship between low HGS and LBP using a cross-sectional Korean population-based health survey. Low HGS in women aged over 50 years with low PA was significantly associated with the presence of LBP.