<p><strong>Background:</strong> Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) has been an important cause of hearing loss and ear discharge in people affected by it for a significant time now. Its prevalence is more in developing countries where the socioeconomic status is low. Poor and overcrowded living conditions, poor hygiene and nutrition have been suggested as a basis for the widespread prevalence of CSOM in developing countries. Pure tone audiometry is the easiest and the most basic procedure which needs to be performed on any patient who has history of hearing loss irrespective of the nature of the disease and the cause surrounding it. Every initial evaluation for CSOM should include audiometric testing via air and bone along with pure tone thresholds. Aim of the study was to co-relate the hearing loss to the duration of the disease in the ear in patients with CSOM and to also associate the same to the corresponding hearing changes after myringoplasty.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty patients were taken to be part of the study after following a strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. With proper consent, they underwent pure tone audiogram and myringoplasty. Their air bone (AC) gap and air conduction (AC) threshold results were tabulated with the duration of the disease and a consensus was reached at.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was observed that the hearing loss was much lesser if the duration of the disease was lesser than one year.  As the diagnosis was delayed, both the AB gap and mean AC threshold went up. The early closure of the perforation can significantly bridge the AB gap but the same cannot be said about the AC threshold as it seemed to be lesser affected by the duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It can thus be concluded that AC threshold is quietly independent of the changes in the diseased middle ear as compared to the AB gap. This makes it a stronger tool in the assessment of hearing. The early diagnosis and management of tubotympanic type of CSOM can not only help in preventing complications but also aid in better hearing protection which in-turn helps in better social survival.</p>

Introduction: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is highly prevalent in the general population and its impact on health systems is growing dramatically by the day. The term reflux means back flow. The contents of the stomach flowing back into the esophagus, pharynx, and larynx because of a transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter cause of a spectrum of symptoms diagnosed with LPR and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Aims and Objectives: To study in detail the symptoms caused in LPR and to ascertain if and how they hamper the routine of an individual by using the reflux symptom index (RSI). Materials and Methods: The RSI is a self-administered nine-item outcomes instrument for LPR. Ninety-one patients with clinically diagnosed LPR were taken up for this study and were issued the RSI (translated into the local language for better results) before and after treatment. Data were assessed at the end of 3 months and 6 months. Observations and Results: The tabulated data showed significant improvement in the symptomatic index after treatment. Conclusion: It can thus be concluded that RSI is still highly valid in the follow-up for patients with LPR because of it can be easily administered and gives excellent validation for accurate results.

BACKGROUND. Septoplasty is an age-old surgery performed mainly for a deviated nasal septum. Various methods have been described and the surgery is left to the choice of the surgeon. Traditional septoplasty has taken a back seat in the modern era because of various complications. Newer techniques are being practiced owing to better outcomes. Hydrodissection for septal flap elevation has been both criticized and appreciated because of multiple reasons. In this study, we have used this technique in practice and evaluated its outcome.MATERIAL AND METHODS. 184 patients with Deviated Nasal Septum (DNS) were evaluated. 82 in Group 1 underwent conventional septoplasty with Freer’s elevator and 102 in Group 2 underwent septoplasty with hydrodissection using Normal Saline (NS). Time taken to perform flap elevation, status of the mucoperichondrial flap intra-operatively and scoring of adhesions 4 weeks postoperatively were the parameters of study.RESULTS. 19 out of 82 cases had tears in the mucoperichondrium in Group 1, amounting to 23.17%. 11 patients out of 102 had tears in Group 2, amounting to 10.78%. The average time taken to perform the flap elevation was 11 minutes in Group 1 and 5 minutes in Group 2. Average score in crusting/adhesions was 0.66 in Group 1 and 0.53 in Group 2, out of a possible 4.CONCLUSION. Hydrodissection in septoplasty for the elevation of the mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteum is a useful step in surgery provided that it is performed using Normal Saline. It is easy to perform, inexpensive and completely safe to perform without any serious complications.

Introduction Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) is highly prevalent in the general population and its impact on health systems is growing dramatically by the day. The contents of the stomach flowing back into the oesophagus, pharynx and larynx because of a transient relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter leads to a spectrum of symptoms diagnosed as LPR and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). The aim was to study in detail the symptoms of LPR and to ascertain if and how they hamper the routine of an individual by using the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI).  Materials and Methods The Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) is a self-administered nine-item outcomes instrument for LPR.  Ninety-one patients with clinically diagnosed LPR were taken up for this study and were issued the RSI (translated into the local language for better results) before and after treatment.  Data was assessed at the end of 3 months and 6 months.  Results The tabulated data showed significant improvement in the symptomatic index after treatment.   Conclusion It can thus be concluded that RSI is still highly valid in the follow-up for patients with LPR because it can be easily administered and gives accurate results with excellent validation.

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