Water tracing was conducted at Karangbolong Karst as a rapid assessment of the Kalisirah spring hydrological characteristics. This study was conducted to determine the movement of underground flow and the estimation of the Catchment Area using the Todd Nomogram and field observations. The results of flow tracing tests conducted in Pocung Cave indicate that there is underground river network connectivity between Pocung Cave, Jeblosan Sinkhole and Kalisirah Springs. Based on topographic survey and flow tracing test, the calculation of the estimated area of the Kalisirah catchment area is 180 Ha. The results were also validate using other parameters, namely flowrate and rainfall in the research location using Todd Nomogram. The estimated area of the Kalisirah catchment area with the Todd Nomogram is 189.2 Ha. The calculation of the estimated area of Kalisirah catchment area based on topographic survey and water tracing is relevant with the estimated area with Todd Nomogram. Groundwater tracing investigation can be used to determine karst spring catchment area, as a preliminary study to understanding the karst hydrology.

The karst hills of Gombong Selatan have abundant potential water resources, especially in locations that have underground springs and rivers. The connectivity between the subsurface passageways that is difficult to know can threaten the potential of water resources, one of which is due to pollution caused by uncontrolled human activities. Therefore, identification of catchment systems and boundaries of water catchment areas in karst aquifers is needed that can contribute to sustainable water resources management policies. This catchment identification needs to be conducted because previous studies have never explored the eastern side of this karst area. This study aims to (1) define the underground river flow connectivity (upstream-downstream) of Banteng Cave; and (2) limiting the water catchment area of Banteng Cave. The method used to determine the subsurface connectivity system was carried out through an artificial tracer test, while the catchment area was delineated using a water balance approach. The results showed that the underground river of Banteng Cave has connectivity with Lake Blembeng, as evidenced by a change in watercolour after the tracer test and breakthrough curve (BTC) analysis of the tracing test results. BTC analysis shows that the Banteng Cave passageway has one main passage and does not have a tunnel branch. The estimated area of the Banteng Cave catchment used a water balance approach, which is 141.73 hectares. The Banteng Cave karst catchment conditions are dominated by the formation of valleys and karst cones accompanied by the appearance of valleys and karst hills that are quite evenly distributed, indicating that the Banteng Cave karst catchment is included in the advanced karst development phase. Furthermore, this research contributes significantly to increase knowledge regarding the characteristics of void karst development in aquifers which in the future are very important for determining water resources management policies.

The connectivity of the Barat Cave underground river system needs to be known to support the implementation of proper environmental management so that water resources can be maintained sustainably. However, the mapping of underground river paths is often hindered by conditions of narrow cave passages, a barrier blocking the flow of water (siphon), deep underground lakes, underground waterfalls, as well as paths filled with water. This research was conducted in Barat Cave, Karangbolong Karst Area. The purpose of this study is to determine the upstream-downstream connectivity system in this underground river and define the characteristics of the passageway based on quantitative analysis of the transport parameters from the tracer test results. This underground river network analysis needs to be done because previous research has never analyzed this underground river network. The research method used in this study is divided into three stages, namely the pre-field stage, the field stage, and the post-field stage. The pre-field step includes determining the location of the study, collecting secondary data, and studying the literature. The field stage consists of a hydrogeological survey to find information on the presence of caves, springs, sinking stream ponors, or luweng in the study area, instantaneous discharge measurements, and tracer tests. The post-field stage includes data processing and analysis. The results showed that the Barat underground river system originated from the Kalimas sinking stream, Mblabak Cave, Pendok Cave, and Pagilangan sinking streams, then merged into a single tunnel without a flow breaker to the Barat Cave, Pengantin Cave, and appeared in the Kalikarak springs to become a surface river, with a tunnel pattern in the form of curvilinear branchwork. The transport parameters for the underground system tracing of the Barat cave have an advection value of 86.528 m/hour, a dispersion of 0.092 m2/second, a dispersivity of 3.38 meters, and a recovery of 63%. The transport value of the tracing test parameter is influenced by the characteristics of the passageway and underground river flow conditions.

PAI learning has a strategic role to internalize the value of environmental awareness because it must be given at all levels of education. This study aims to formulate goals and steps in realizing environmental awareness through ecotheology-based PAI learning originating from the Al-Quran and hadith. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with a type of library research. The data or materials used in this study come from books, journals, research results, documents, magazines and other library sources. The data collection technique used was documentary source documentation from various literary sources and then analyzed using content analysis. The purpose of ecotheology-based PAI learning is not only in the cognitive domain but in the aspect of increasing awareness, attitudes, skills and participation so that it leads to ecologically responsible morals and morals. In realizing this goal, the formulated strategy must implement aspects of learning materials, learning strategies, models and support for educational institutions/schools or madrasahs.