Silver (Ag) films were deposited on glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and then ablated by a 532 nm nanosecond pulsed laser. The effects of laser fluence and defocusing amount on the width and depth of laser-ablated grooves on 100-and 600-nm-thick Ag films were systematically investigated under single-and multi-scan ablation. The results suggested that the Ag films could be successfully removed from the substrate owing to laser-induced thermoelastic force or vaporization. It was confirmed that laser fluence and defocusing amount played very important roles in controlling the width and depth of the laser-ablated grooves. In the present work, grooves with widths ranging from 53 to 196 μm and depths ranging from 56 to 196 nm were obtained on 100-nm-thick Ag films by single-scan laser ablation, and laser ablation or removal with controllable depths was realized on 600-nm-thick Ag films by adopting single-or multi-scan (i.e., scanning numbers of 1-6). Furthermore, square spiral Ag patterns were successfully obtained by single-and multi-scan laser ablation and showed good electrical conductivity in a simple circuit. This work may have great potential applications in various fields that demand width and depth control of laser ablation/removal.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to establish the reference intervals (RIs) of total bilirubin (TBIL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and creatinine (CREA) for apparently healthy elderly (Han ethnicity) in Shuyang, China.Material/MethodsA total of 54 912 blood specimens from elderly residents age 65–104 years were collected by standard procedures in Shuyang county of Jiangsu province. TBIL, ALT, AST, and CREA for each participant were determined by automatic biochemical analyzer. Distribution and differences of TBIL, ALT, AST, and CREA were analyzed and compared between the elderly of the same age of different sexes and different ages of the same sex. RIs of TBIL, ALT, AST, and CREA were compared with the current RIs. The RIs and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using nonparametric method (2.5th–97.5th percentiles) according to the guideline of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.ResultsRIs established for the healthy elderly include: TBIL 7.8~30.6 μmol/L for males and 7.3~26.1 μmol/L for females; ALT 8.7~47.3 U/L for males and 8.4~45.2 U/L for females; AST 15.7~46.9 U/L for males and 15.1~46.2 U/L for females; and CREA 45.1~100.9 μmol/L for males and 38.7~85.0 μmol/L for females. Reference intervals of TBIL, ALT, AST, and CREA for male elderly were higher than those of females, and values of CREA increased with increasing age.ConclusionsWe have established a panel of locally relevant RIs. It is necessary to establish scientific and reasonable RIs of TBIL, ALT, AST, and CREA for the healthy elderly in our region, which will provide a reference for clinicians and inspection officers.

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