Based on the anti-virulence activity on Salmonella, the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of Mesua ferrea flower was investigated for its chemical constituents. Ten purified compounds were identified and assayed for their inhibitory activity against Type III secretion system (T3SS) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blots experiments. We found the biflavonoids, rhusflavanone and mesuaferrone B, exhibited inhibitory effects on the secretion of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) effector proteins (SipA, B, C and D) without effecting the bacterial growth. In addition, 5, 6, 6'-trihydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3,3'dicarboxylic acid (6) is a new natural product from M. ferrea flower.

The bark of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet (C. bejolghota) is widely used as medicine to treat bacterial diarrhea in Myanmar. We previously reported that the bark extract of C. bejolghota significantly inhibited secretion effector proteins of the type three secretion system (T3SS) in Salmonella. This study is designed to investigate the anti-virulence potential of the C. bejolghota bark extract against Salmonella Typhimuriumin in in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results suggested that the polar fraction Fr.M 1 inhibited the secretion of effector proteins SipA, SipB, SipC and SipD without affecting bacteria growth and the translocation of SipC into MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, Fr.M 1 alleviated inflammatory symptoms of mice in Salmonella-infected mouse model. Overall, the results provide evidence for medicinal usage of C. bejolghota bark to treat diarrhea in Myanmar.

Background: Spondias pinnata (L. F.) Kurz is a well-known medicinal and edible plant indigenous to Southeast Asian countries. Although previous studies suggested that the high content of total phenolics in S. pinnata fruits lead to their antioxidant activity, there is no systematic study on its chemical constituents. Aim: To investigate chemical constituents of S. pinnata fruit extract, which will benefit to the utilization of S. pinnata fruit as ingredient of functional food and medicines and will be helpful for quality control. Methods: The EtOAc extract of S. pinnata fruit was separated and purified by Sephadex LH-20, medium preparative liquid chromatography and silica gel column chromatography. And the structures of compounds 1-14 were elucidated on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR and ESIMS experiments. Results: Five caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (1 - 5), three coumarin derivatives (6 - 8), two flavonoid glucosides (9 and 10), three organic acids (11 - 13) and one aromatic glycoside (14) were identified from the fruit extracts. 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (1) was the major constituent and the quantitative determination established by HPLC analysis of 1 was 258 mg/kg dry weight fruits. Conclusion: S. pinnata fruit could provide various groups of compounds and the quantification of 1 will be helpful for quality control of S. pinnata.

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