Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a pivotal reaction in many technologies for renewable energy, such as water splitting, metal–air batteries, and regenerative fuel cells. However, this reaction is known to be kinetically sluggish and proceeds at rather high overpotential due to the universal scaling relationship, namely, the adsorption energies of intermediates are linearly correlated and cannot be optimized simultaneously. Several approaches have been proposed to break the scaling relationship by introducing additional active sites; however, positive experimental results are still absent. Herein, a different solution is suggested on the basis of dynamic tridimensional adsorption of the OER intermediates at NiO/NiFe layered double hydroxide intersection, by which the adsorption energy of each intermediate can be adjusted independently, so as to bypass the scaling relationship and achieve high catalytic performance. Experimentally, the OER overpotential is reduced to ≈205 mV at current density of 30 mA cm−2, which represents the best performance achieved by state‐of‐the‐art OER catalysts.

Q limit but the opencircuit voltage (V oc ) and fill factor (FF) are still far below the theoretical values. As we know, both V oc and FF relate to charge carrier dynamics including extraction and transport. Therefore, carrier managements including reducing non-radiative carrier recombination (bulk and interface), series or shunt resistance, and improving carrier extraction and transport are critical to further enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs. In addition to high efficiency, the stability issues in perovskite must be solved before commercialization.From the standpoint of architecture of PSCs, the PSCs are essentially a heterojunction device with a multilayer construction, which consists of perovskite light absorption layer, carrier transport layer (CTL), and electrodes. [25,30] As a result, the rational design and modification of heterojunction interfaces have become key strategies to harness the full potential of PSCs. [31][32][33][34][35] A lack of in-depth understanding of the heterojunction interfaces and appropriate interface designs, specifically the buried interfaces under polycrystalline perovskite films, is impeding further advancements in perovskite photovoltaic performance and stability. [36][37][38][39][40][41][42] To date, many researches mainly focus on the top surfaces of perovskite. [43][44][45][46][47] However, due to the accumulation of deep-level trap states, it is known that unfavorable non-radiative recombination losses that impede device power outputs exist at the interfaces with bottom contact layers. [41,48] Consequently, it is urgently needed to compromise between these detrimental effects and beneficial effects.However, investigating these issues is more difficult compared with that on the top surfaces of perovskite. There are two kinds of techniques to study the buried interface, which are the in-situ and ex-situ methods. For in-situ method, the sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy which is a nonlinear interface sensitive spectroscopy is applied to study/ analyze the molecular structure information at the buried interface. [49,50] In addition, the photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) excited from the glass side can characterize carrier dynamics behavior of buried interface. [51] For ex-situ strategy, the buried interface will expose with a peeling-off method. Then the common characterization methods can be used to analyze exposed the buried surface of perovskite layer, such as PL, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). [52,53] It is still challenging to find ways to access the buried interfaces to achieve device efficiency limits. [54] Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising thirdgeneration solar cells. They exhibit high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and, in theory, can be manufactured with less energy than several more established photovoltaic technologies, particularly solution-processed PSCs. Various materials have been widely utiliz...

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A simple and highly selective electrochemical method for the simultaneous determination of CAT and HQ at a glassy carbon electrode in micellar solutions has been developed. The electrochemical behaviors of CAT and HQ in aqueous CPB and SDBS micellar solutions have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. The oxidation peak potentials shift negatively, the reduction peak potentials shift positively, and the peak currents increase in the presence of CPB for both CAT and HQ. However, the oxidation peak potentials shift positively, the reduction peak potentials shift negatively, and the peak currents decrease in the presence of SDBS for both CAT and HQ. The electrochemical kinetic parameters for CAT and HQ in aqueous CPB and SDBS micellar solutions were also determined by chronocoulometry (CC) and chronoamperometry (CA). The cyclic and pulse differential voltammetric behaviors of the system consisting of CAT coexisting with HQ were also investigated in this work. It was found that the oxidation peak potential waves of CAT and HQ were separated by 100 mV in the presence of CPB in 0.10 M PBS (pH 6.8). Therefore, CAT and HQ can be determined simultaneously in such a system. This simple method was applied to the simultaneous determination of HQ and CAT in a household tap water sample and it exhibited high selectivity.

passivation have been successfully developed to improve the PV performance of PSCs. [6-10] In particular, the interface modification between CTLs and the perovskite light absorber layer always plays a pivotal role to improve the performance of PSCs.