Background A 3-year, 10-month-old neutered male Australian terrier was referred for a nodular pyogranulomatous mass of the right axilla. It had been poorly responsive to antibiotic therapy. ResultsBased on filamentous Gram-positive organisms identified in earlier biopsy material, infection by Actinomyces sp. was suspected and the dog showed clinical improvement on a trial of potentiated sulphonamides. Recurrence 5 months later prompted euthanasia, with Streptomyces cyaneus being cultured and confirmed by genetic sequencing of part of the 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Conclusion Invasive Streptomyces sp. infections are uncommon in humans andanimals, and isolations are sometimes considered to be contaminants, but the demonstration of the organism within the lesion in this instance indicates that the 2 isolation of Streptomyces sp. from veterinary cases should not always be considered a contamination, since this genus is clearly pathogenic.

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