Background: A significant imbalance in access to safe blood is seen between the developing and developed countries. Donor selection has a pivotal role in preventing transfusion related complications and provide safety to the recipients. In this study, we aimed to find out rate and causes of blood donor rejection in our hospital.  Methods: A retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital involving both the voluntary and replacement donors during the period September 2017 to December 2018. We included all those donors who were considered unfit for blood donation. All those who came for blood donation at our hospital were asked to fill up an enrolment form for a blood donor. A general and systemic examination were done. We calculated the rejection rate, listed the reasons for donor rejection, and analyzed the data.Results: Among 150 rejected blood donors, most were males [129 (86%)], and the rest were females [21 (14%)]. The rejection rate in our study was 3.29%. We found that the rejection rate of donors was different among voluntary and replacement donors. It showed that the most common reason for the temporary rejection of blood donation was low hemoglobin level, followed by abnormal blood pressure.  Conclusions: A vast majority of donors were rejected temporarily [132 (88%)], while the rest of them were rejected permanently [18 (12%)]. Low Hb in females and abnormal blood pressure in males were the commonest causes of blood donor rejection. Many factors affect the similarities and variations between the most typical causes of blood donor rejection, such as geographical area, cultural, socio-economic, and educational factors.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a rare malignant thyroid neoplasm. Cases of MEC with papillary, insular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma have been reported. Here, we present a case of follicular carcinoma with extensive MEC-like differentiation. A 62-year-old female presented with complaint of thyroid swelling for 10 years. Cytological features were suggestive of follicular neoplasm. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed metastasis to lung and vertebrae. Salivary glands and breasts were normal on examination and imaging. Subtotal thyroidectomy with bilateral neck dissection surgery was performed. The specimen was submitted for histopathological examination. Microscopy showed features of follicular carcinoma with capsular and vascular invasion along with an additional MEC-like morphology. Follicular carcinoma with extensive MEC-like differentiation is a rare observation. Since the tumor was sparing salivary glands and breasts, we considered it as mucoepidermoid differentiation over a collision tumor. However, immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis were the limitations.

Papillary lesions of the breast encompass a wide spectrum of benign and malignant entities. Cytological interpretation of these is difficult and they top the list of conditions with a risk of false-positive diagnosis. Understanding the correlation of histologically confirmed benign and malignant papillary neoplasm with demographic parameters and features of neoplasm will help to distinguish the different lesions. To compare histologically confirmed benign and malignant papillary neoplasm with demographic parameters and features of neoplasm A retrospective study was performed from January 2010 to December 2015 in the cytology section, Department of Pathology of a tertiary care and referral hospital including patients diagnosed as papillary lesion on FNAC. Histopathological follow-up was available for total 44 cases. A total of 44 breast aspirates and their corresponding histology were reviewed. Majority of the patients with benign and malignant neoplasm had age between 41-50 years (33%) and 51-60 years. All patients with benign neoplasm were women whereas among patients with malignant neoplasm 12 were women and one was a man. Benign papilloma, 36.3% cases showed cellular smear, followed by 27.2% showed moderate cellularity. Malignant papillary lesions, cases showed both cellular and moderate cellularity. Papillary carcinoma is an infrequent histologic subtype of breast carcinoma. Cytological diagnosis of the lesion is difficult due to overlap with benign entity and other mimics.

Background: Despite the advent of many synthetic and semi-synthetic products, the importance of biological blood products cannot be undermined in the current era. The blood donors are the backbone of any health care delivery system that has a well-organized blood transfusion service.Methods: A prospective study conducted for the period of 16 months aimed to find out various complications and their frequencies before, during or after the blood donations. The donors who developed any complications were followed up for at least three weeks to assess the late reactions if any. Blood donation was carried out with proper precautions and asepsis by experienced phlebotomists.Results: Out of 10346 blood donations, 9887 were from replacement donors, while 459 were from voluntary donors. Total donation associated complications were 113, out of which the majority were VVRs (n=74), followed by venous hematomas (n=34) and arterial punctures (n=5). Of the 74 donors who had a VVR after blood donation, the incidence was higher in females (1.64% versus 0.69%). A higher incidence of VVRs was seen among the donors who had a history of previous blood donation.Conclusions: This study strengthened the fact that though blood donation is relatively safe, it still has a complication rate of nearly 1%. To encourage for blood donation at a regular interval, all the possible steps should be taken to minimize the rate of complications. More medical attention should be given to the “at-risk” donors.

Background: Diagnosis of lesions of the breast using Cytological screening is difficult. Understanding the common cytological features of papillary lesions of the breast can be useful for the diagnosis. Aims and objectives: To determine the utility of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of papillary lesions of the breast Materials and methods: A retrospective study was performed from January 2010 to December 2015 in the cytology section, Department of Pathology of a tertiary care and referral hospital including patients diagnosed as papillary lesion on FNAC. Eight four cases were found (includes 44 cases which had histopathology follow-up, 36 cases which didn't had follow-up), 4 cases were removed because of non-availability of slides. Thus, a total of 44 breast aspirates and their corresponding histology were reviewed. All the observations were done on total 44 cases. Results: Papillary Neoplasms on FNAC (n= 33): 13 cases (29.54%) were histologically confirmed as papillary neoplasms. All 13 cases (100%) showed true papillae with fibrovascular cores. 76% showed presence of columnar cells. 4 were benign and 9 malignant. Dyscohesion and severe atypia was only seen in malignant neoplasms. 20 cases were non papillary lesion on histopathology. Out of the 20 cases, 11 cases (55%) were infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC), 4 were fibroadenomas (FA), 3 fibrocystic disease and one each was ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma. Presence of papillaroid fragments and columnar cells was the most common cause for false positive diagnosis. Papillary Neoplasms Not Suspected Cytologically (n=11): In 5 cases cellularity was scanty and unsatisfactory for opinion. Missing fibrovascular cores in the aspirate was the cause of false negative diagnosis. The overall incidence of false positive was 25% and false negative was 13.75%. Sensitivity of FNAC to diagnose papillary lesions was 54.1%. Conclusion: Cytodiagnosis of papillary lesions is challenging and identification of true fibrovascular cores is essential for accurate diagnosis.