The olfactory system of the pigeon (Columba livia) was examined. Our electrophysiological and experimental neuroanatomical (Fink-Heimer technique) data showed that axons from the olfactory bulb terminated in both sides of the forebrain. The cortex prepiriformis (olfactory cortex), the hyperstriatum ventrale and the lobus parolfactorius comprised the uncrossed terminal field. The crossed field included the paleostriatum primitivum and the caudal portion of the lobus parolfactorius, areas which were reached through the anterior commissure. In this report the relationships between areas that receive olfactory information and the possible roles that olfaction plays in the birds' behavior are discussed.

SUMMARY:The caudatoputamen (CP) and giobus paiiidus (GP) are supplied by vessels often involved with stroke in both rat and human. The pattern of vascular supply to the CP and GP in rat has, in contrast to humans, been only partially described. The vascular pattern to the rat CP and GP is described utilizing vascular endocasts and scanning electronmicroscopy in aging, nonnotensive rats. Endocasts were produced by intra-cardiac infusion of Batson's Corrosion Compound. The vascular pattern is complex, involving 1) recurrent vessels from the anterior cerebral artery, 2) branches from the arterial circle rostral or caudal to the origin of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), 3) up to 6 branches from the MCA, and 4) 2 major branches from the caudal part of the arterial circle. The vessels in groups 1-3 were serpentine, their luminal diameters abruptly reduced at branch points, and the angle of departure from the parent vessels approximated 90°. These vessels supplied much of the CP and GP, while group 4 supplied the caudal CP with vessels arranged in a lattice-like fashion from the 2 penetrating parental arteries.Stroke, Vol 12, No 6, 1981THE VASCULAR SUPPLY to the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen and giobus paiiidus) is involved in a large percentage of the cerebrovascular accidents that occur in man. 1 Patients with infarction or hemorrhage into the basal ganglia may show movement disorders and postural abnormalities.1 '' Although hypertension is a significant factor in cerebral vascular diseases, 1 '' the effects of hypertension on the structure and histochemistry of extracerebral vessels is better understood than the pathophysiology of stroke prone vessels.*""The rat is one of the principal models in the study of vascular pathophysiology associated with hypertension, and, most important, stroke mechanisms in rats and humans may be similar. '-4 The vascular supply to the rat basal ganglia has been only partially described. 4 The endocast data reported here are in accord with the microangiographical observations of Yamori et al.; 4 however, endocasts provide a more definitive picture of the vascular patterns in the basal ganglia. A detailed description of the vascular patterns in the basal ganglia is a prerequisite to an evaluation of ultrastructural and histochemical changes in the walls of these stroke prone vessels and their relation to the pathophysiology of hypertension. The vascular patterns in the caudatoputamen (CP) and giobus paiiidus (GP) are described utilizing vascular endocasts and scanning electron microscopy in aging, normotensive male rats. MethodsTwo techniques were used to gather the data for the present report. These techniques are described under I. Production of Endocast for Scanning MicroscopyThirteen male rats (13-20 months old) with normotensive blood pressures (systolic pressure range of 92-128 mm Hg, Narco Bio-systems, indirect blood pressure measurement system) were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg i.p.). The thorax was opened and each animal was infused through the heart ...

Rat cerebral vasculature serves as a model for study of the pathophysiology of stroke in humans. Human thalamic arteries show a high incidence of stroke. The objective is to describe the thalamic arterial vascular pattern in normotensive male rats as the initial step for quantitative histochemical studies of enzyme activities in the walls of these vessels. Intracardiac injections of methyl methacrylate monomer provide detailed vascular endocasts. The thalamic vascular bed defined by in situ dissection, serial reconstruction, and light and scanning electron microscopy of endocasts contained four groups of vessel: ventral medial thalamic arteries, thalamic branches from the posterior cerebral artery, and ventral lateral and ventral anterior thalamic arteries. Thalamic vessels are muscular arterioles that, after three to four bipinnate branches, feed into a continuous capillary bed (no loops). The parent vessels and their subsequent branches have been evaluated in terms of their mean internal diameters, mean interbranch intervals, and branch angles. The arterial patterns to rat and human thalami are very similar, with the exception of the anterior choroidal artery which is missing in the rat. The branches supplying the thalamus in both the rat and human are closely associated with the circle of Willis; however, the constituent parts of the circle in rat vary from the pattern in human brain. The rat thalamic arteries show morphological features similar to those seen in the stroke-prone ganglionic arteries in the human basal ganglia.

No abstract

SUMMARYThe goal was to describe the metabolic profile of ganglionic and cortical arteries and arterioles in aging normotensive male rats. Five enzymes indicative of key metabolic pathways in the vessel walls were semiquantitatively evaluated using bright-field histochemical microscopy. Lactate dehydrogenase showed significant reactivity which increased with vessel diameter in cortical and ganglionic vessels in all age groups tested. Succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase showed little reactivity in both cortical and ganglionic vessels, suggesting a reduced role for aerobic metabolic pathways. Myosin ATPase reactivity was high in cortical and ganglionic vessels. Only this enzyme showed an increased reactivity that was correlated with the age and diameter of the vessel. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reactivity was more pronounced in cortical than ganglionic vessels, suggesting that the hexose-monophosphate-shunt may be more active in the cortical vessels. There were no regional differences in enzyme reactivity throughout the caudatoputamen. In conclusion, both the cortical and ganglionic vessels are metabollcally active, with significant anaerobic gh/colysis, and reduced, but observable capacity for aerobic metabolism. The decreased myosin ATPase reactivity and the low level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reactivity in the ganglionic arterioles of senescent rats may contribute to the susceptibility of these vessels to cerebrovascular accidents. Stroke Vo! 16, No 2. 1985 THE ARTERIAL SUPPLY to the cerebrum and subcortical structures in the rat and man have many similarities, particularly in the pathophysiology of stroke. Terminal branches of the internal carotid arteries, branches from the anastomotic circle, and the posterior cerebral arteries supply the cerebral cortex in rat and man.2 3 All of these vessels provide a dense network of ganglionic arterioles that nourish the basal ganglia, including the caudatoputamen (CPU) and globus pallidus.3 Although the vascular bed of the cerebrum and subcortical structures have been described, little is yet known regarding the metabolism of these vessels.4 " 8 Furthermore, even though age-related structural changes are reported for both cortical and ganglionic vessels in man and other experimental animals, 9 "' 5 virtually nothing is known regarding the effects of aging on cerebral vascular metabolism.The present study utilizes histochemical methodology to semiquantitatively evaluate enzymes of key metabolic pathways in the muscular walls of vessels supplying the neocortex (cortical vessels) and ganglionic vessels in the CPU of aging normotensive male rats. The five enzymes evaluated are indicators of anaerobic glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and respiratory chain (aerobic metabolism), the hexose-monophosphate-shunt, and the availability of myosin ATPase. Our goal was to delineate the metabolic profile of aging stroke-prone ganglionic vessels and of cortical vessels, from which the former arise. Methods Twenty-three male rats (Charles River, COBS CD outbred ...