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Reference wind turbines are an important component to the wind energy sector. They serve as publicly available benchmarks that can be openly used to explore new technologies and designs as well as aid in facilitating collaborative efforts between researchers and industry. Earlier this year, the International Energy Agency (IEA) 15-megawatt (MW) reference wind turbine was released and currently represents the largest publicly available reference machine (Gaertner et al. 2020). The size of the IEA 15-MW reference turbine mirrors the wind industry's trend of offshore machines with larger power ratings. According to the U.S. Department of Energy's "2018 Offshore Wind Technologies Market Report" and the American Wind Energy Association, significant development has occurred in the past few years that highlights the opportunity for targeted research investment in offshore wind (Musial et al. 2019). Several states including Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland have enacted new policies or bolstered their existing policies to support the development of over 4,000 MW of offshore wind energy. Looking to the near future, the U.S. offshore wind project development pipeline includes 25,824 MW of potential installed capacity (Musial et al. 2019). Though the total U.S. offshore wind energy potential is more than twice what the entire country currently uses, nearly 60% of the U.S .offshore wind resource is located in deep water, requiring floating foundation technologies (Schwartz et al. 2010). In most commercial wind farms in Europe, and more recently the United States, offshore wind turbines are supported on monopoles in water depths up to 30 meters (m) and steel jacket structures from 25 m to about 50 m. In water depths over 50 m, where a majority of the U.S. offshore wind power potential lies, the cost of jacket foundations becomes prohibitively expensive, requiring the use of floating offshore wind turbine technologies. This report serves as an addendum to "IEA Wind TCP Task 37: Definition of the IEA Wind 15-Megawatt Offshore Reference Wind Turbine" (Gaertner et al. 2020) and defines the University of Maine (UMaine) VolturnUS-S reference floating offshore wind turbine semisubmersible, designed to support the IEA 15-MW reference wind turbine. The design and arrangement described in this report are intended to generically represent future floating offshore wind turbine technology. In addition to the floating platform, this report also details the other floating-specific components of the floating offshore wind turbine including the mooring system, tower, and turbine controller.

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We present a parametric analysis of factors U.S. Class 7-8 trucks through 2050. Conventional diesels will be more than 70% of U.S. heavy-duty vehicles through 2050. CNG trucks are well suited to large, urban fleets with private refueling. Ultra-efficient long haul diesel trucks are preferred over LNG at current fuel prices. a b s t r a c tWe present a parametric analysis of factors that can influence advanced fuel and technology deployments in U.S. Class 7-8 trucks through 2050. The analysis focuses on the competition between traditional diesel trucks, natural gas vehicles (NGVs), and ultra-efficient powertrains. Underlying the study is a vehicle choice and stock model of the U.S. heavy-duty vehicle market. The model is segmented by vehicle class, body type, powertrain, fleet size, and operational type. We find that conventional diesel trucks will dominate the market through 2050, but NGVs could have significant market penetration depending on key technological and economic uncertainties. Compressed natural gas trucks conducting urban trips in fleets that can support private infrastructure are economically viable now and will continue to gain market share. Ultra-efficient diesel trucks, exemplified by the U.S. Department of Energy's SuperTruck program, are the preferred alternative in the long haul segment, but could compete with liquefied natural gas (LNG) trucks if the fuel price differential between LNG and diesel increases. However, the greatest impact in reducing petroleum consumption and pollutant emissions is had by investing in efficiency technologies that benefit all powertrains, especially the conventional diesels that comprise the majority of the stock, instead of incentivizing specific alternatives.