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The generate-recognize model and the relational-item-specific distinction are two approaches to explaining recall. In this study, we consider the two approaches in concert. Following Jacoby and Hollingshead (Journal of Memory and Language 29:433-454, 1990), we implemented a production task and a recognition task following production (1) to evaluate whether generation and recognition components were evident in cued recall and (2) to gauge the effects of relational and item-specific processing on these components. An encoding task designed to augment item-specific processing (anagram-transposition) produced a benefit on the recognition component (Experiments 1-3) but no significant benefit on the generation component (Experiments 1-3), in the context of a significant benefit to cued recall. By contrast, an encoding task designed to augment relational processing (category-sorting) did produce a benefit on the generation component (Experiment 3). These results converge on the idea that in recall, item-specific processing impacts a recognition component, whereas relational processing impacts a generation component.

Because of stigma, people with mental illnesses report feeling isolated and lonely, tend to be reluctant to discuss their conditions, and are less likely to seek treatments. Stigma reduction programs that incorporate some form of contact with stigmatized individuals have been shown to be effective in altering self-reported negative biases. The present study tested whether contact with individuals who have mental illnesses through a service-learning project incorporated into an undergraduate psychopathology course would reduce self-reported and also implicit biases against those with mental illnesses. Participation in a course with a service-learning component indeed resulted in significant reductions in self-reported, F(1, 69) ϭ 121.35, p Ͻ .001, p 2 ϭ .64, and implicit biases, F(1, 64) ϭ 41.88, p Ͻ .001, p 2 ϭ .40, toward people with mental illness beyond a course in which service-learning was not a component.

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