The type and quantity of coverage given byfive newspaper and television sources to earthquakes outside their countries is determined not by geographic origin, but b y human and physical consequences.

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Reliability and validity are criteria used to assess metric adequacy and are typically quantified by correlation coefficients. Reliability is described as the extent to which repeated measurements yield consistent results. Validity is described as the extent to which a measure actually measures what it purports to measure. These conceptualizations are less useful when applied to measures of subjective outcomes because they do not convey other influences that "drive" correlation coefficients. Consistency is a manifestation of a reliable instrument but does not ensure that an instrument is reliable. Establishing the validity of an instrument is a complex process that is heavily dependent on an investigator's hypothesis. Hence, validity coefficients may be more a reflection of hypothesis adequacy than of the extent to which instruments measure what they purport to measure. Appreciating how coefficients are influenced will better enable clinicians to assess the adequacy of subjective outcome measures.

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Particularly among Protestants, watching religiow television programs may substitute for going to church. Popular interest in religious television programming in the UnitedStates for the most part has focused on the possible political impact of the programming and the TV preachers-often symbolized by JerryFalwell, star of "The Old-Time Gospel Hour" and leader of the Moral Majority (4). The religious establishment has been concerned with a separate issue-the extent to which the TV preachers compete with local churches, in terms of church attendance and the source of income that implies. Ben Armstrong, in The Electric Church, contends that religious broadcasts complement, rather than compete with, local churches. But he acknowledges the fears of leaders of mainstream religious organizations, quoting William F. Fore of the National Council of Churches:What worries me is whether this electronic church is in fact pulling people away from the local church, whether it is substituting an anonymous and therefore undemanding commitment for the kind of person-to-person involvement and group commitment that is the essence of the local church (1).Although over the years a number of descriptive studies of the characteristics of the audience for religious programming have been conducted, theoretically based empirical evidence about the effects of