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Participation in treatment planning can be one means of empowering clients. However, significant barriers exist to empowering people with severe mental illness through treatment planning. This qualitative study reviewed documents and conducted focus groups with clients and staff of a public psychiatric hospital to identify barriers to empowerment and the conditions that must be present for client empowerment to occur through treatment planning. The conditions for empowerment were based on both psychological and organizational factors. For empowerment to occur, clients need psychiatric stability and decision-making skills. Organizations promote empowerment by ensuring that clinical staff have the time to involve clients in treatment planning, promoting staff attitudes that are respectful of clients' ability to participate in treatment planning, providing clients with a range of treatment options, designing programs that have a strong philosophical commitment to client empowerment, and implementing programs properly.

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In this paper, we present the design of a performance isolation benchmark that quantifies the degree to which a virtualization system limits the impact of a misbehaving virtual machine on other well-behaving virtual machines running on the same physical machine. Our test suite includes six different stress tests -a CPU intensive test, a memory intensive test, a disk intensive test, two network intensive tests (send and receive) and a fork bomb. We describe the design of our benchmark suite and present results of testing three flavors of virtualization systems -an example of full virtualization (VMware Workstation), an example of paravirtualization (Xen) and two examples of operating system level virtualization (Solaris Containers and OpenVZ). We find that the full virtualization system offers complete isolation in all cases and that the paravirtualization system offers nearly the same benefits -no degradation in many cases with at most 1.7% degradation in the disk intensive test. The results for operating system level virtualization systems are varied -illustrating the complexity of achieving isolation of all resources in a tightly coupled system. Our results highlight the difference between these classes of virtualization systems as well as the importance of considering multiple categories of resource consumption when evaluating the performance isolation properties of a virtualization system.

Most theories of leadership are rooted in a psychological paradigm that treats leadership as an individual attribute, although one that may be situationally activated or constrained In this article, the authors propose a theory of leadership inspired by the institutional school of organizational analysis. Using an approach based on Weberian sociology, the authors link leadership to the legitimating principles and norms of the social structure in which leadership occurs. Four hypotheses are presented; (1) leadership strategies in any one sociocultural setting will have strong underlying similarities, (2) as an organization changes over time, strategies of leadership will also change, (3) organizations performing the same tasks-but based on different substantive principles-will exhibit different strategies of leadership, and (4) occupational and organizational subgroups based on distinctive norms will exhibit similar leadership styles across organizations, and will differ from other subgroups within a single organization. 7he authors conclude by proposing a research agenda based on institutional theory.