Background:Differences in genetics and receptor expression (phenotypes) of invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC) impact on prognosis and treatment response. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), the most used technique for IDC phenotyping, has some limitations including its invasiveness. We explored the possibility of contrast-enhanced positron emission tomography magnetic resonance (CE-FDG PET/MR) to discriminate IDC phenotypes.Methods:21 IDC patients with IHC assessment of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2), and antigen Ki-67 (Ki67) underwent CE-FDG PET/MR. Magnetic resonance-perfusion biomarkers, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and standard uptake value (SUV) were compared with IHC markers and phenotypes, using a Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA.Results:ER/PR− tumours demonstrated higher Kepmean and SUVmax than ER or PR+ tumours. HER2− tumours displayed higher ADCmean, Kepmean, and SUVmax than HER2+tumours. Only ADCmean discriminated Ki67⩽14% tumours (lower ADCmean) from Ki67>14% tumours. PET/MR biomarkers correlated with IHC phenotype in 13 out of 21 patients (62% P=0.001).Conclusions:Positron emission tomography magnetic resonance might non-invasively help discriminate IDC phenotypes, helping to optimise individual therapy options.

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Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging has become an established method for evaluating the prostate for clinically significant prostate adenocarcinoma. Criteria have been developed for categorizing MRI findings, the most frequently used of which is the PI-RADS system. The PI-RADS V2 document provides separate image interpretation and clinical grading sections. Within this article we give an overview of the integrated, algorithmic way, we approach prostate MRI, show images corresponding to each PI-RADS category, and provide several illustrative cases.

These results demonstrate the promising potential of the first transperineal targeted prostate biopsy platform in the USA as an alternative diagnostic method for PCa.