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BackgroundThis meta-analysis aims to ascertain the significance of early lung toxicity with 3-Dimensional (3D) conformal irradiation for breast carcinomas and identify the sub-groups of patients with increased risk.MethodsElectronic databases, reference sections of major oncological textbooks and identified studies were searched for synonyms of breast radiotherapy and radiation pneumonitis (RP). Major studies in thoracic irradiation were reviewed to identify factors frequently associated with RP. Meta-analysis for RP incidence estimation and odds ratio calculation were carried out.ResultsThe overall incidence of Clinical and Radiological RP is 14% and 42% respectively. Ten studies were identified. Dose-volume Histogram (DVH) related dosimetric factors (Volume of lung receiving certain dose, Vdose and Mean lung Dose, MLD), supraclavicular fossa (SCF) irradiation and age are significantly associated with RP, but not sequential chemotherapy and concomitant use of Tamoxifen. A poorly powered study in IMN group contributed to the negative finding. Smoking has a trend towards protective effect against RP.ConclusionUse of other modalities may be considered when Ipsilateral lung V20Gy > 30% or MLD > 15 Gy. Extra caution is needed in SCF and IMN irradiation as they are likely to influence these dosimetric parameters.

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This work reports adsorption isotherms for C1 to C6 hydrocarbons on activated carbon at three different temperatures (293 K, 318 K, and 358 K) over a wide range of pressure (0 bar to 100 bar). The isotherms were measured using a standard gravimetric method. The experimental data were correlated and compared using Toth, modified virial, and potential theory models. On the basis of the adsorption potential, characteristic curves were also generated for methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, n-pentane, and n-hexane on activated carbon over broad ranges of pressure and temperatures. The micropore volume of the activated carbon predicted from potential theory was in good agreement with those obtained using a N2 isotherm measured at 77 K. The enthalpy of adsorption at zero loading was found to increase linearly with the carbon number.