: The risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing abundantly due to lifestyle-related obesity and associated cardiovascular problems. Presently, Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has gained considerable attention from biomedical scientists to treat diabetes. Phosphorylation of GSK-3 permits a number of cellular activities like regulation of cell signaling, cellular metabolism, cell proliferation and cellular transport. Inhibiting GSK-3 activity by pharmacological intervention has become an important strategy for the management of T2DM. This review focuses on the schematic representation of fundamental GSK-3 enzymology and encompasses the GSK-3 inhibitors as a future therapeutic lead target for the management of T2DM that may significantly regulate insulin sensitivity to insulin receptor, glycogen synthesis and glucose metabolism. The various signaling mechanisms of inhibiting the GSK-3 by describing insulin signaling through Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS-1), Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase (PI3K) and Protein Kinase B (PKB/ AKT) pathways that may hopefully facilitate the pharmacologist to design for antidiabetic drug evaluation model in near future have also been highlighted.

Objective: Liposomes are the controlled-release dosage form that improves the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs, prolongs the duration of action, reduces dosage frequency, and improves patient compliance. Methods: The thin-film hydration method was used to prepare Paclitaxel liposomes. In this process, cholesterol and sodium deoxycholate were used for the formulation, while chloroform and methanol were used as diluents. Percentage (%) drug release study was carried out in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 in USP apparatus II (Paddle type)Model no VDA-8D, Veego, Mumbai, India. Results: Paclitaxel liposomes of various batches showed a percentage yield ranging from 38 to 84%. It was observed that (Encapsulation efficiency)EE% of Batches B1 to B10 were 0,62.33,59.51,50.21,44.30,82.25,88.95,72.34,77.37 and 70.63 percentage, respectively. Data fitting to the Peppas, Higuchi, 1st-order, and zero-order models was used to examine the optimized liposome (B7) release kinetic mechanism. Data comparison was done using the correlation coefficient (R2). Zero-order had an observed correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9988, which was greater than that for other models. Therefore, it was clear that the medication was released from the formulation after the zero-order release. Conclusion: The prepared liposomes were subjected to various evaluation parameters like SEM, zeta potential, particle size analysis, drug release study, etc. Data showed that an increased concentration of cholesterol increases the drug release from liposomes. Microscopic images of the B7 batch revealed that liposomes are spherical and have regular surfaces. Formulation B7 shows good results and can be considered an optimized batch that has been selected for further cell line studies. The statistical analysis was used to support the improved formulation.