Inflammation causes oxidative stress, which plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and diabetic neuropathy. We have shown that PC12 cells exposed to metals such as manganese and cobalt (which causes oxidative stress) underwent apoptotic cell death. Treatment with reducing agents such as glutathione reversed the effect, suggesting oxidative stress processes were involved. Caspase activity was induced, indicating that cell death was apoptotic. It is known that inflammation contributes to progression of the disease. We investigated whether inflammatory cytokines contribute to cell death by activating oxidative pathways. PC12 cells treated with interferon gamma showed 60% loss in viability. Inhibitors of caspase‐3, −8 and −9 activity prevented cell death. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene transcription was upregulated within 6 hours of treatment with IFN gamma as well as TNF/LPS treatment. Increase in the level for nitrite was observed using Griess reagent. and might be selectively exposed to iNOS‐mediated oxidative damage as a consequence of elevated TNFα levels. Our results suggest that oxidative stress induces cell death involving iNOS and caspase induction.

Background Pleural effusion results from accumulation of abnormal volumes ->( 10-20) ml of uid in pleural space . Signicant number of cases of pleural effusion remains undiagnosed after simple diagnostic pleural aspiration. Thoracoscopy allows direct visual assessment of the pleura and subsequent biopsy of visually abnormal areas, hence maximising diagnostic yield. A retrospective study of all Thoracoscopic Methods procedure performed with rigid and semi- rigid scope in patients admitted in Respiratory department of SRMS, Bareilly. Post-procedural diagnoses were obtained from the clinical records and using relevant hospital databases. A total of 40 patients underwent Thoracoscopy in Results time span of 2020-2021 to diagnose a wide spectrum of benign and malignant conditions. The diagnosis of 23 malignant conditions - 13 Adeno Carcinoma, 3 Non – small cell carcinoma and 7 cases of other malignancies , along with 17 benign cases were made . Conclusion Thoracoscopy can be used as a diagnostic tool for investigation of various pathologies of undiagnosed pleural effusion . In our study the sensitivity of thoracoscopy was more than 90%

Introduction: High incidence of tubercular cases in developingcountries, similar clinical presentation of tuberculosis andmalignancy, lack of adequate infrastructure, and lack ofproper follow up are the most common factors associated withmisdiagnosis.Case Summary: A 72 years old male CAME with complainsof cough with expectoration for 2 month, intermittent feverassociated with chills and rigors for 1 month, loss of appetiteand weight, intermittent pain in right side of the chest for1 month. Patient was a known smoker and alcoholic. Onauscultation bilateral air entry was decreased with occasionalrhonchi. Patient’s chest x-ray was suggestive of consolidationin right upper zone of chest. His sputum was negative forAFB from outside, patient started on ATT, 2 months prior todate of admission from private clinic on empirical basis thatwas continued till the date of admission. Patient showed noimprovement, even after 2 months of ATT. His chest X-Ray wassuggestive of right upper zone consolidation, patient had noprior radiography for comparison. He was continued on ATTas he had already taken treatment for 2 months from outside.Patient was tested negative for sputum AFB 1 and 2, CBNAATand culture.Patient presented to emergency after a gap of two monthsin state of drowsiness with complains of breathlessness andsevere right side chest pain. He was intubated in emergencyand managed on ventilator support. Patient recovered and aCECT thorax was done suggestive of likely possibility of rightlung upper lobe neoplasm with metastatic lymphadenopathywith possibility of multiple liver and bilateral adrenal metastasisand changes of chronic airways disease with fibro bullouschanges in bilateral upper lobe apical segments. The FNACwas positive for malignant cells with features suggestive of nonsmallcell carcinoma – (possibly adenocarcinoma). Patient wasfurther managed in the department of Radiation Oncology bychemotherapy. We discuss the radiographical progression andsubsequent investigations required to make a proper diagnosis.Conclusion: It is imperative to form a conclusive diagnosisusing available diagnostic modalities in smear negativetubercular cases to avoid delay in management of otherpossible life-threatening diseases like lung carcinomas.