Aim: Hyperuricemia as a putative risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression remains controversial and debatable. This systematic review aims to explore the prevalence of hyperuricemia among CKD patients worldwide. Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines by using the existing literature from online databases such as MEDLINE/PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Cochrane library and grey literature. The effect size with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to assess the pooled prevalence of hyperuricemia in chronic kidney patients. The subgroup analysis based on gender and geography was also carried out by utilizing comprehensive meta-analysis, version 2.0. Results: Twenty-three studies containing 212,740 participants were eligible for quantitative synthesis. The pooled prevalence of 43.6% (35.2–52.4%) hyperuricemia was reported in patients with CKD globally. In India, 38.4% of prevalence was observed. The gender specific prevalence (9 studies) was reported as 67.4% (60.9–73.3%) in case of male patients and 32.6% (26.7–39.1%) in female patients with 95% CI. Conclusions: The prevalence of hyperuricemia was reported to be reasonably high among CKD patients worldwide. During the management of CKD, this high prevalence demands more prudent attention for this clinical complication which possibly can lead to positive renal outcomes.

Introduction and Aim: Diabetes is an opportunistic killer. Approximately 77 million people in India suffer from diabetes. A person develops diabetes due to genetic predisposition, family history, obesity, lack of physical activity, diet low in fruits and vegetables. Modification of life style and pharmacotherapy of diabetes are often indicated to control diabetes and emergence of complications. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the prescription pattern of antidiabetic drugs among indoor patient with adherence to WHO core prescribing indicator. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted for a period of six months and 140 case sheets of indoor diabetic patients admitted in Medicine department were collected from MRD office after prior approval from IEC. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The study showed male preponderance of 75.71% in comparison to female 24.29%. The pattern of antidiabetic prescribed showed highest prescription rate of various preparations of insulin (68.57%) with regular insulin most commonly prescribed preparation (64.58%). Among oral antidiabetic drugs metformin (42.86%) was most commonly used. The percentage of drug prescribed in generic name was 36.36% and the percentage of drugs prescribed from National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) was found to be 69.7%. Conclusion: The study provided substantial information about the prescribing practices of physicians and also paved a way to formulate prescribing policies at our institution.

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety outcomes of different antileishmanial agents used in visceral leishmaniasis clinical trials. Methods: A systematic literature search in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar was done using keywords “randomized controlled trials”, “antileishmanial” and “visceral leishmaniasis”. The outcomes included were cure rate, overall withdrawals, relapse rate, and treatment-emergent adverse events. Effect estimates through the frequentist network meta-analysis approach were presented as OR with 95% CI. Rankogram plots were used for identifying the “best intervention” based on p-scores obtained using the surface under the cumulative ranking. The risk of bias was evaluated by using Pedro Scale. Results: Seventeen randomized controlled trials with 5 143 visceral leishmaniasis patients who received different antileishmanial agents (amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, meglumine antimoniate, sodium stibogluconate, sitamaquine, and pentavalent antimonials) and met the inclusion criteria were included. For efficacy outcomes of the treatments, the rankogram of the network meta-analysis revealed that paromomycin (p-score=0.814 8) has the highest probability of being best in the pool, followed by sodium stibogluconate (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.24-2.79, p-score=0.758 0), amphotericin B+miltefosine (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.02-19.04, p-score=0.732 9) as compared to the remaining treatments; however, the most of the treatment-emergent adverse events were reported with sitamaquine. Conclusions: Paromomycin reported the highest cure rates, while the maximum treatment-emergent adverse events were seen with sitamaquine.

The present study was designed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of leaves of Paederia foetida (EEPFL). The ethanolic extract was obtained by infusion method, and acute oral toxicity tests were performed according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006 (OECD) guidelines. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding the rats with a high-fat diet consisting of coconut oil and vanaspati ghee in a ratio of 2:3 v/v at a dose of 10 ml/kg body weight. The extract was given at a dose of 500mg/kg body weight. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were measured for antihyperlipidemic activity. For antioxidant activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were measured using standard methods. The extract showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and MDA in the blood. On the other hand, HDL, CAT, and SOD increased significantly. The study demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of leaves of Paederia foetida decreased blood lipid levels and lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest that the EEPFL may have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress-related diseases.