The entomopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum are the next generation mosquito controlling agent. F. oxysporum basically contains unique toxin and can be a selectively good agent in tropical countries. We are reporting here the efficacy of the metabolites of F. oxysporum against the larvae of Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus in the laboratory. F. oxysporum was grown on Czapek Dox broth. The bioassays were run at five different concentrations (1.30, 1.60, 1.77, 1.90, and 2.00 ppm). The LC(50), LC(90), and LC(99) values with 95% fiducial limits and probit equations were calculated by probit analysis. The mortality was observed after 24, 48, and 72 h against all instars. The LC(90) values in the case of C. quinquefasciatus after 48 h when calculated were 1.85, 1.92, 1.87, and 1.87 ppm, respectively, while LC(99) values calculated were 2.24, 2.25, 2.18, and 2.19 ppm. Moreover, after 48 h in the case of A. stephensi, the LC(50) values for the first, second, third, and fourth instars were recorded as 1.48, 1.51, 1.71, and 1.50 ppm, respectively. The LC(90) values recorded were 1.88, 1.91, 1.93, and 1.89 ppm and LC(99) values observed were 2.36, 2.23, 2.26, and 2.21 ppm. The results obtained 24, 48, and 72 h have been compared and it was observed significantly that 48 h after exposure the metabolite has more pathogenicity. The results of the metabolites of F. oxysporum may be considered as a new bio-control agent for vector mosquitoes if the field trial succeeds.

We are reporting in this paper the control of Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex quinquefasciatus Say using Bacillus sphaericus. These have been now considered with a practical solution because of its specific and prolonged killing action against mosquito larvae. The efficacy of B. sphaericus were assessed against all instars of A. stephensi and C. quinquefasciatus separately. During the experiments, the mortalities were not found highly effective in dose concentration of LC(90) 0.01 mg/l. It is recommended by the World Health Organizations in all instars of larvae of A. stephensi and C. quinquefasciatus. Thereafter, six different concentrations were used in laboratory bioassays (05, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/l) for A. stephensi. Similarly, in the case of C. quinquefasciatus, six statistically significant different concentrations were used (0.01, 0.04, 0.05, 0.10, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/l) of B. sphaericus. It was recorded after exposure of 24 h. The percentages of mortalities were different for the different instars of C. quinquefasciatus and A. stephensi. The probit equations were drawn by the probit method. The result of the study distinctly showed that B. sphaericus is not effective on selected defined doses against A. stephensi and C. quinquefasciatus. This probably indicates an initiation of resistance. This efficacy study can be useful while detecting early resistance phenomena in environment specific zones.

Aspergillus niger is a fungus of the genus Aspergillus. It has caused a disease called black mold on certain fruits and vegetables. The culture filtrates released from the A. niger ATCC 66566 were grown in Czapek dox broth (CDB) then filtered with flash chromatograph and were used for the bioassay after a growth of thirty days. The result demonstrated these mortalities with LC50, LC90, and LC99 values of Culex quinquefasciatus 0.76, 3.06, and 4.75, Anopheles stephensi 1.43, 3.2, and 3.86, and Aedes aegypti 1.43, 2.2, and 4.1 μl/cm2, after exposure of seven hours. We have calculated significant LT90 values of Cx. quinquefasciatus 4.5, An. stephensi 3.54, and Ae. aegypti 6.0 hrs, respectively. This liquid spray of fungal culture isolate of A. niger can reduce malaria, dengue, and filarial transmission. These results significantly support broadening the current vector control paradigm beyond chemical adulticides.

The Culicinomyces clavisporus is a fungal pathogen of a wide range of mosquito larvae. The C. clavisporus was isolated from the larvae of Culiseta inornata. We have investigated into potential pathogenicity against the adults of Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The culture filtrates released from the strain of C. clavisporus 46258 were grown in the EmYPss broth, were filtered and used for the bioassays after a growth of 15 days. The results demonstrated these metabolites with LC(50), LC(90) and LC(99) values of C. quinquefasciatus, 5.62, 8.71 and 12.59, A. aegypti, 3.0, 7.0 and 9.3, and A. stephensi 2.69, 6.0 and 7.24 μl/cm(2), respectively after exposure for 24 h. These results compared favorably with the commercial adulticide Gokilaht(®)-S 5EC (d,d-trans-cyphenothrin) that showed 100% mortality at the same concentration. This study successfully identified that the metabolites of C. clavisporus can be used as mosquitoes adulticide as safer alternative to modern synthetic chemical insecticide against mosquito vector of diseases. Further purification can lead to biotechnological exploitation.