Background Needle stick injury NSI is a penetrating stab wound from a needle or any other sharp object that may result in blood-borne infections such as AIDS Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Exposure to contaminated needles may expose the recipient to blood that contains pathogens which pose a potential risk. Dental specialty involves the use of various small and very sharp instruments that are quite different from those used in medical care.Aim To assess the prevalence knowledge attitude and practice regarding the management of NSI among dental students.Material and methods The study used a questionnaire composed of 24 questions. A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among 251 dental students. 211 students were included in the study 50 interns 76 third year and 85 final year students. The questionnaire contained four parts Prevalence - to assess exposure to NSI Knowledge - to measure dental studentsrsquo understanding about NSI Attitude and Practice. A pretested selfadministered questionnaire was handed over to the students during their break time and was collected after half an hour.Results A response rate of 84 was recorded. The prevalence of NSIs in the present study was 18 which was significant p lt0.005. Regarding the diseases that spread through body fluids majority of the participants in all the three years acknowledged that HIV Hepatitis B Hepatitis C 73 70.9 55.1 respectively spread through body fluids which was not statistically significant. More than half of the third-year students n42 56.8 had not taken the Hepatitis B vaccination at the start of the course whereas more than 34th of the final year students n72 85.7 and interns n 43 86 were vaccinated which was statistically significant p lt0.001. Majority of the students included in the study were not taught about post exposure prophylaxis technique as a part of their curriculum.Conclusion Overall knowledge of dental students regarding NSI improved with seniority. Additional training programme regarding the management of sharp injuries for dental students is needed and staff should teach students regarding the reporting guidelines. It is important to train dental students about preventing life threatening diseases to ensure safe and successful clinical practice.

Background: The burden of oral diseases is increasing, which constitute a major public health problem. The use of probiotics as an adjuvant, along with routine dental care practice by an individual, can produce additional benefits in the maintenance of one's oral health. The study aimed to investigate the effect of Bifidobacterium as a probiotic on oral health. Material and Methods: Six databases and registers were searched from the start of the database to December 2021 without any restrictions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the clinical effects of Bifidobacterium as a probiotic on oral health were included in the study. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to conduct this systematic review. The included studies were analyzed for the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trial (RoB 2) tool as well as quality of available evidence using GRADE criteria. Results: From the 22 qualified studies, four studies showed non-significant results. There was a high risk of bias in 13 studies and some concerns of bias in nine studies. No adverse effects were reported, and the quality of available evidence was moderate. Conclusion: The effect of Bifidobacterium on oral health is questionable. Further high-quality RCTs are required on the clinical effects of bifidobacteria and also the optimum level of probiotic needed, and ideal mode of administration to provide oral health benefits. Furthermore, synergistic effects of the combined use of various strains of probiotics need to be studied.