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In 2006, United Nations Human Rights Council was tasked to establish a new human rights monitoring mechanism: Universal Periodic Review process. The primary aim of this process is to promote and protect the universality of all human rights issues and concerns via a dialogical peer review process. The primary aim of this investigation is to ask the following question: has this claim of promoting and protecting the universality of the human rights been met, or challenged, during state reviews in the UPR process? The issue of polygamy has been selected as the focus for this investigation to be used, primarily, as a tool to undertake an in-depth analysis of the discussions held during state reviews in the review process. In addition, this paper will employ scholarly debates between universalism and cultural relativism, as well as the sophisticated and nuanced approaches that fall in between the polarised opposites, to analyse the discussions held on human rights during state reviews. Ultimately, the findings and discussion of this investigation will provide a unique and valuable insight to the work and operation of the UPR process, so far.

World Space Observatory Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) is a major Russian-led international collaboration to develop a large Space-borne 1.7 m Ritchey-Chrétien telescope and instrumentation to study the Universe in the ultraviolet wavelengths. The WSO-UV WUVS spectrograph consists of three channels: two high resolution channels (R=50000) with spectral ranges of 115-176 nm and 174-310 nm, and a low resolution (R=1000) channel with a spectral range of 115-305 nm. Each of the three channels has an almost identical custom detector consisting of a CCD inside a vacuum Enclosure, and drive electronics with associated cables. The main challenges of the WUVS detectors are to achieve high quantum efficiency in the FUV-NUV range, to provide low readout noise (≤3 e-at 50 kHz) and low dark current (≤ 12 e-/pixel/hour), to operate with integral exposures of up to 10 hours, and to provide good photometric accuracy. Teledyne e2v has designed three variants of a custom CCD272-64 sensor with different UV AR coatings, optimised for each WUVS channel. The custom vacuum Enclosure, also designed by Teledyne e2v, prevents contamination and maintains the CCD at the operating temperature of -100 o C, while the temperature of the WUVS optical bench is +20 o C. STFC RAL Space has developed the Camera Electronics Box (CEB) which houses the CCD drive electronics. Digital correlated double sampling technology provides extremely low readout noise and also enables flexibility to optimise readout noise against pixel frequency for a number of normal and binned pixel readout modes. This paper presents the general trade-offs of the WUVS detector design, methods for extending the service life of the CCD sensors working with low signals in a Space radiation environment, and a summary of the measured and calculated key parameters of the WUVS detectors.

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