Results Nighty-seven subjects completed this study, and 33 (34%) had active physician-diagnosed eczema at 12 months. Twenty-six out of 81 (32%) subjects showed positive in SPT. Eighteen was classified as atopic eczema patients, while 12 were classified as non-atopic eczema patients. During the study period in total 297 skin swab samples were collected. Alpha diversity represented by Shannon (p=0.001) and Simpson (p=0.004) indices significantly increased from 1 month to 6 months age, and beta diversity (p=0.001) differed across time as well. Relative abundance of Staphylococcus (p<0.001 and 0.04 respectively) and Corynebacterium (p<0.001 and <0.001 respectively) progressively decreased across time (adjusted pvalue: 1 month to 6 months vs 6 months to 12 months). Alpha diversity of skin microbiome at 12 months was significantly lower in atopic eczema patients than that in non-atopic eczema patients (Shannon p=0.002, Simpson p=0.001). Alpha diversity at 1 month and 6 months did not show significant differences among groups. Differences regarding beta diversity and taxa abundance were not found between atopic and nonatopic eczema patients across time. Conclusions Skin microbiome profiles differ slightly between infantile eczema with and without atopy. Alpha diversity of skin microbiota at left antecubital fossa is lower in atopic eczema patients compared with that of non-atopic eczema patients only during flare-ups at 12 months. This study cannot detect such difference at earlier time points.

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