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The aim of this study was to assess the factors associated with dialysis adequacy in ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis in Rwanda. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. A sample size of 66 hemodialysis patients was selected using purposive sampling strategy. An interview scheduled guide was used to collect data. Dialysis adequacy was calculated using kt/v Daugirdas & Schneditz formula. The mean hemodialysis adequacy was 1.26± 0.34. Most participants [41(62%)] had optimal hemodialysis adequacy of equal or greater than to 1.2, 19 (29%) had near optimal hemodialysis adequacy (0.8 - 1.2 kt/v) and only 6 (9%) had less than optimal hemodialysis adequacy (kt/v <0.8). Factors associated with hemodialysis adequacy were hospital settings (p = .010), age (p = .007), BMI (p =.004) and blood pressure level ((p = .018). Moreover, mode of transport and type of drinking water was significantly associated with hemodialysis adequacy (p = 0.032 and 0.030 respectively). In conclusion, the level of hemodialysis adequacy was low in 38% of ESRD patients with associated factors predominantly demographics. Therefore, further research inquiry is needed on additional factors which include technical aspects to establish their association with hemodialysis adequacy.

Background: Medication administration errors (MAEs) occur in health care settings however, the types, contributing factors to MAEs and barriers to reporting are not well studied in Rwandan context.Methods: Quantitative approach was adopted. Descriptive cross-sectional design was used. A convenience sampling was used to select 151 nurses working in the paediatric units of the selected teaching hospitals in Rwanda. Pre-tested questionnaire for validity and reliability was used to collect data. Data was coded and entered into SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Chi-square test) were used to analyze data.Results: Approximately 33.6% of the participants were able to identify one type, 17.4 % two, 18.1% three, 17.4% four types, 10.7% six types and only 2.7% identified all the seven MAEs. Identified main contributory factor to MAEs was the heavy workload it like this-Identified main contributory factor to MAEs was the heavy workload [82 (55%)]. The main barrier to self-reporting was fear to be blamed if something happens to the patient as a result of the medication administration error (88 (59.1%)). All the socio demographic were associated with the types of MAEs committed by participants. In addition, the experience, marital status and job position of the participants were significantly associated with factors contributing to MAEs (p= .001, p=.000 and p= .044) respectively whereas all the socio demographic were significantly associated with barriers to self reporting.Conclusions: Factors contributing to MAEs were found in both parties and barriers to self-reporting were identified to be the fear reasons and administrative reasons. Therefore, the heavy workload should be addressed to reduce MAEs and a non-punitive environment is imperative in encouraging self-reporting of MAEs.