BECOMING MIDDLE CLASS: Young People's Migration between Urban Centers in Ethiopia Markus Roos Breines. 2022. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. 213 pages. ISBN: 978-981-16-3536-6 (hardback); ISBN: 978-981-16-3539-7 (paperback). HYBRID POLITICAL ORDER AND THE POLITICS OF UNCERTAINTY: Refugee Governance in Lebanon Nora Stel. 2020. London: Routledge. 264 pages. ISBN 9781138352544 (hardback); ISBN 9780367518615 (paperback). DEVELOPMENT, (DUAL) CITIZENSHIP AND ITS DISCONTENTS IN AFRICA: The Political Economy of Belonging to Liberia Robtel Neajai Pailey. 2021. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 276 pages. ISBN 9781108836548 (hardback); ISBN 9781108873871 (online). MATERIAL CULTURE AND (FORCED) MIGRATION: Materializing the Transient Friedemann Yi-Neumann, Andrea Lauser, Antonie Fuhse, and Peter J. Bräunlein, eds. 2022. London: UCL Press. 367 pages. ISBN 9781800081628 (hardback); ISBN 9781800081611 (paperback). POSTCOLONIALITY AND FORCED MIGRATION: Mobility, Control, Agency Martin Lemberg-Pedersen, Sharla M. Fett, Lucy Mayblin, Nina Sahraoui, and Eva Magdalena Stambøl, eds. 2022. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press. 246 pages. ISBN 978-1529218190 (hardback). THE PRECARIOUS LIVES OF SYRIANS: Migration, Citizenship, and Temporary Protection in Turkey Feyzi Baban, Suzan Ilcan, Kim Rygiel. 2021. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press. 296 pages. ISBN 9780228008033 (hardback); ISBN 9780228008040 (paperback) THE MIGRANT'S PARADOX: Street Livelihoods and Marginal Citizenship in Britain Suzanne M. Hall. 2021. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 232 pages. ISBN 9781517910495 (hardback); ISBN 9781517910501 (paperback).

1. Introduction: The Motive This article reviews theoretical approaches in anthropology used in the study of land tenure among pastoral societies in post-socialist states. The inspiration and motive to write this article originates from my personal encounters. As part of my doctoral research 1 , I have conducted an extended ethnographic fieldwork among the pastoral Afar people in northeastern Ethiopia. I came face-to-face with the question what conceptual approach to use to study changing forms of ownershipof land. My initial conceptual backpack was property, but after a careful review of the local realities, or what Gudeman calls 'local models' (Gudeman, 2016), I soon realized loopholes. This led to appraisal of three theoretical concepts regarding their relevance in the study of pastoral societies in post-socialist states. The three competing concepts are property (

Background The Rome Statute, adopted in 1998 by 120 countries, established the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC, which came into being in July 2002, is "a permanent institution and shall have the power to exercise its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern," which include "genocide; crimes against humanity; war crimes; and the crime of aggression." These countries that ratified the Rome statute believed that global justice would benefit from and be greatly enhanced by the creation of an "international criminal justice regime empowered to prosecute individuals guilty of gross atrocities and human rights violations." The Rome gave the mandate for the ICC with the mission to investigate, prosecute and try individuals' accused of the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes There are research findings that claim Africa was involved in and supported the creation of the ICC. For instance, one research article made a bold claim that African states contributed extensively to the preparations leading up to, during and after the diplomatic conference in Rome at which the Rome Statute of the ICC was finalized. After the statute was adopted on 03 February 1999, Senegal became the first State Party to ratify the Rome Statute. The ICC was not created specifically for the least developed and developing countries in Africa and Asia. From this reasoning it appears logical to claim that ICC was not an institution imposed on African Union (AU), rather is one that received support from, and has been shaped by, AU. After the ICC started its operations, which was asymmetrically focused on African continent, the views of AU officials and member states towards ICC changed. Since it came into existence in 2002, the ICC has dealt with nine "situations" involving international crimes, all from Africa but of these five have been referred to the Court by African states themselves: namely the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Central African Republic (two situations) and Mali. The other cases include the Sudan and Kenya; the heads of state in office are amongst the invitees, in which case the AU asserts that trials against seating heads of states would put countries at risk of instability. Since the Security Council referred the situation in Darfur, Sudan, to the ICC in March 2005, the Prosecutor has issued various arrest warrants arising from his investigations. This thesis focuses on arrest warrant against incumbent Sudanese President Omar Hassan Al Bashir. The Bashir warrant has proven to be highly controversial within legal and political circles in Africa. This is because if ICC prosecutes the head of states in Africa, to which the ICC has a legal mandate, it will however run contrary to AU goal of securing peace and security throughout the continent primarily through negotiations and agreements, this is through the political avenue than through the legal avenue. An immediate decision adopted by the AU

Under Construction: Technologies of Development in Urban Ethiopia is the result of several years of ethnographic field research by author Daniel Mains. It is a well written and methodical exposition that describes the ambivalence and hope invested in constructing an imagined Ethiopian renaissance. On the one hand, academic accounts (and journalistic exposes) depict Ethiopia as an example of one of the new "African Lions." The lived experience of many Ethiopians, however, paints a different picture; they complain that they struggle to access electricity, water, and other basic services, and lack the opportunity for due participation in the decision-making that drives development processes.The book is organized into five chapters, each of which examines a particular form of urban infrastructure, to advance arguments about the everyday encounters between citizens, the state, and the materials used in construction. The specific topics covered are: (1) the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (29-58); (2) asphalt road construction (58-91); (3) processes of urban development in Jimma (92-120); (4) Bajaj transportation (121-50); and (5) the construction of cobblestone roads (151-80).Under Construction addresses the fact that Ethiopia had one of the fastestgrowing economies in the world between 2007 and 2017, and much of that growth resulted from high levels of state investment in infrastructure. Discussing Ethiopia and a handful of other African countries, the Economist in its December 3, 2011, edition published a cover story titled "Africa Rising," which offered the hope that after decades of slow economic growth, African countries finally had a real chance at rapid economic progress. However, as this book acknowledges, the "Africa rising" narrative celebrated the withdrawal of the state as creating an opportunity for economic growth that was not stifled by an inefficient and often predatory bureaucracy. There is no better example of the cracks in the "Africa rising" narrative than Ethiopia, which had been one of the fastest risers.

This article chronicles the emergence of a new form of power in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. The Afar people are predominantly Muslim pastoralists who live in a territory referred to as the Afar-Triangle (located in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Eritrea). Fieldwork for this study was conducted on Dobi in the Afar Region of Ethiopia, the second largest salt mining site in Ethiopia. In 2004, Dobi fell under the control of an individual by the name of As Mohammed Humed Yayyo. This article focuses on this specific Big Man. Since his emergence, this Big Man became the sole power figure who grants access to mine salt on Dobi and who collects taxes. The nature of the relation between the Big Man and the Ethiopian State has been fluid and is characterised by collaboration and conflict.