Echocardiography is a standard diagnostic tool for assessment of cardiac functions and cardiovascular diseases in dogs, however published echocardiographic measurements have varied widely based on dog breeds. The objective of this prospective reference interval study was to provide breed-specific echocardiographic values for healthy French Bulldogs. A total of 42 healthy French Bulldogs of both sexes (23 females and 19 males) were sampled. Furthermore, measurements for a control group (n = 16) were also conducted in four other dog breeds (Cocker Spaniel [n = 2], Cavalier King Charles Spaniel [n = 4], Terrier [n = 5], and Crossbreed [n = 5]). Standard M-mode, two-dimensional (2D), pulse wave (PW) Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiographic measurements were obtained from healthy French Bulldogs. The M-mode echocardiographic data obtained from French Bulldogs were compared to the data obtained from the control group. The left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd; cm)/body surface area (BSA) (m 2) ratio for the study group was 3.35/0.53 = 6.32. Left ventricular measurements for French bulldogs and internal dimension at end-systole (21.23 ± 3.50 mm) and at end-diastole (33.50 ± 4.12 mm) were found to be significantly higher (P < .001) compared to control group values (left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole [LVIDs]; 17.46 ± 2.85 mm, LVIDd; 27.16 ± 4.20 mm, respectively). A significantly positive correlation in the French Bulldog group was noted between body weight and M-mode measurements (EPSS, IVSd, IVSs, LVIDd, LVIDs, and LVPWd). French bulldogs had a greater systolic and diastolic left ventricular volume than the control group. As a result, values reported in this study could be used as specific reference ranges in French Bulldogs.

Here, we report a case of neonatal calf meningitis due to Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG). Clinical, pathological and microbiological findings were evaluated. API Strep, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, rpoB gene sequencing and sodA gene sequencing were used for the complete identification of SGG. This is the first documented report of neonatal calf meningitis due to SGG in veterinary medicine.

The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic importance of coagulation parameters in cattle with natural theileriosis. Nine Holstein cross-breed cattle with theileriosis as infected group and 6 healthy Holstein cattle as control group were used in the present study. Mean fibrinogen level, thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) were not statistically different when control and infected groups compared, except for the D-dimer concentration. Quantitative D-dimer concentrations were determined by immune-turbidimetric assay. D-dimer values increased significantly (p<0.05) in infected group (631.55 ± 74.41 μg/L) compared to control group (370.00 ± 59.94 μg/L). D-dimer sensitivity and specificity were also determined at cut-off concentrations (372 μg/L). Sensitivity and specificity of D-dimer values were determined to be 88.89% and 83.33%, respectively. D-dimer is thought to be important indicator in the evaluation of the prognosis in theileriosis cases. Analysis of D-dimer values before and after treatment in controlled case studies were suggested in future studies to enlighten the issue.

Calf mortality constitutes a substantial loss for agriculture economy-based countries and is also a significant herd problem in developed countries. However, the occurrence and frequency of responsible gastro-intestinal (GI) pathogens in severe newborn diarrhea is still not well known. We aimed to determine the seasonal and age-associated pathogen distribution of severe diarrhea in newborn calves admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Erciyes University animal hospital over a year. Fecal samples were collected during the ICU admissions, and specimens were subjected to a diarrheal pathogen screening panel that included bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Cryptosporidium spp., ETEC K99+, and bovine rotavirus, using RT-PCR and conventional PCR methods. Further isolation experiments were performed with permissive cell cultures and bacterial enrichment methods to identify the clinical importance of infectious pathogen shedding in the ICU. Among the hospitalized calves aged less than 45 days old, the majority of calves originated from small farms (85.9%). The pathogen that most frequently occurred was Cryptosporidium spp. (61.5%) followed by rotavirus (56.4%). The frequency of animal admission to ICU and GI pathogen identification was higher during the winter season (44.9%) when compared to other seasons. Most calves included in the study were 1–6 days old (44.9%). Lastly, co-infection with rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. occurred more frequently than other dual or multi-infection events. This study was the first to define severe diarrhea—causing GI pathogens from ICU admitted newborn calves in Turkey.

This retrospective study aimed to determine the incidence rates of BRV, BCoV, E. coli K99+, Cryptosporidi-umspp. and Giardia spp. in calves with neonatal diarrhea brought to the Erciyes University, Animal Hospital from farms in Kayseri and its surrounding provinces between 01 August 2019 and 31 August 2021. It was determined that a total of 1839 calves were brought to hospital between the periods above. Of the 1839 calves, 863 were brought to the Rumi-nant Clinic of Internal Medicine, and 560 of 863 calves (65%) had clinical signs of diarrhea. From the stool samples, BCoV (21.7%) were the most diagnosed single enteropathogen followed by; Cryptosporidium spp. (18.3%), ETEC K99+ (F5) (14.3%), BRV (11.4%) and Giardia spp. (0.6%). As for more than one enteropathogen, Cryptosporidium spp. +BRV (8.0%) were the mostly diagnosed and followed by; BRV+BCoV (7.4%), Cryptosporidium spp. +BCoV (6.3%), BRV+ETEC K99+ (1.1%), BRV+BCoV+Cryptosporidium spp.. Diarrhea caused by ETEC K99+ (34.7%) was the most common at 1-7 day-old calves and Cryptosporidium spp. (23.9%) was the most common at 8-14 days calves. In spring and winter seasons, BCoV (22.5%, 25.5%, respectively) was diagnosed mostly and in summer and autumn seasons mostly Cryptosporidium spp. (26.9%, 31.8%, respectively) was diagnosed. As a result, it was revealed that calf diar-rhea caused by BCoV was the most common in calves with neonatal diarrhea brought to Erciyes University Animal Hospital from Kayseri and its surrounding provinces between 2019-2021 years. It was concluded that the prevalence of enteropathogens may vary depending on various factors such as sampling place, time, season and the findings obtained from this study may be useful in taking necessary prophylactic and managerial measures for the prevention of calf diarrhea.