The proposed technique appears to give more representative results than those presented in the literature. It has the advantage of being part of a global noninvasive postural evaluation. Using this approach in a systematic manner could help reduce radiograph exposure while keeping track of the spine sagittal curvatures.

Plant responses to herbivory include tolerance (i.e. compensatory growth) and defense. Several factors influence the tolerance of a plant following herbivory, including plant genetic identity, site nutrient availability, and previous and/or concurrent herbivory. We studied the effects of these factors on the compensatory response of Salix planifolia ssp. planifolia, a shrub species common in the boreal and subarctic regions of North America. We cloned several genets of S. planifolia and submitted them to simulated root and/or leaf herbivory while varying the nutrient availability. Simulated leaf herbivory was more detrimental to the plant than simulated root herbivory, reducing both above- and below-ground tissue production. Leaf demography was unaffected by either simulated herbivory treatment. There was some compensatory growth following simulated leaf and root herbivory, but only the root compartment responded to increased nutrient availability. Simulated leaf herbivory increased leaf transpiration and reduced stomatal resistance, suggesting increased carbon fixation. The unexpected finding of the experiment was the absence of interactions among factors (genotype, nutrient availability and type of tissue damage) on the compensatory response of S. planifolia. These factors thus have additive effects on the species' compensatory ability.