system (Zhongling Technology, Gihand) through linking between the somatosensory glove and robotic hand. The cryogenic environment was created by dry ice. For real-time energy delivery, SSANF was attached to a deformable robotic arm (Kinova, Jaco2) with luminescence LEDs connected with the output port. A power source with alternating voltage with an amplitude of 7.5 V was connected with the input port. The sizes of SSANFs used in the multifunctional robot system are all in sizes of 300 × 10 × 3.4 mm 3 .

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Brainstem hemorrhage (mainly pontine hemorrhage caused by hypertension) has the clinical characteristics of acute onset, rapid progress, high mortality, and high disability rate. Due to the complexity of the brainstem’s anatomical structure and functional importance, it is generally recognized that brainstem treatment is difficult and risky, so it has been regarded as a restricted area of surgery. However, in recent years, continuous progress is being made in many areas, including microsurgical technology, stereotactic technology, robot-assisted surgery, neuroendoscopy, and theoretical and clinical practice of neurorestoration, aiding in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of brainstem hemorrhage injuries. The Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (CANR; Preparatory) and the China Committee of International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR-China Committee) organized relevant experts to formulate this clinical guideline to diagnose and restore damaged nerves after brainstem hemorrhages, promote a standardized diagnosis, and neurorestoratologically treat this disease.

Cell therapies in the treatment of central nervous system disease and injury, such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, sequelae of stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cerebral palsy, have been studied in the clinic for the last 10-20 years. Excitingly, many studies have demonstrated that most patients appear to have some functional improvement following administration of different types of cells by different routes with relatively low risk and good tolerability. However, there are some misconceptions that hinder the development of cell-based neurorestorative strategies. It is a considerable challenge but also an opportunity for physicians in neurorestoratology to face these issues. This review briefly outlines the progress made in neurorestoratology, discusses the relevant issues, and attempts to correct the misconceptions.

The aim of the study was to examine treatment of cerebral hemorrhages with bone-marrow or human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs or Hu-MSCs) and conventional surgical approaches, and determine and compare the effectiveness, feasibility, safety and reproducibility of each method. A retrospective analysis was performed on a cohort of cell-treated cerebral hemorrhage patients from October 1, 2007 to October 1, 2009. A total of 24 patients, all of whom received conventional surgical treatment, were classified as follows: i) The control group consisted of 8 patients who received only hematoma removal surgery, ii) the autologous group consisted of 7 patients who received additional autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation, and iii) the allograft group consisted of 9 patients who received additional umbilical cord mononuclear cell transplantation. After conventional hematoma removal surgery and X-ray supervision within 24 h and at 7 days, neurological disability and function tests were completed 3, 6, 12, 36 and 60 months later. The T-cell marker plasma levels were analyzed after 60 months. The results showed that, at approximately 3.5 months after graft the hematomas in all the groups were completely reabsorbed as observed on computed tomography scans. However, the functional outcomes in the cell-transplanted groups were better than in the control group after 5 years. While the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin score and modified Barthel index scores were simliar in the cell-transplanted groups, patients in the allograft group had better outcomes than those in the autologous graft group starting at 3 months and until the end of the follow-up period. The serum levels of T-cell markers CD4, CD56 and human leukocyte antigen-DR in the allograft group showed no signs of immunogenic graft complications and there were no significant differences in T-cell subtypes among the patient groups. The results of the present study suggest that, treatment of cerebral hemorrhage patients can be safely and effectively accomplished using Hu-MSC grafting and larger clinical trials should be considered in the future.