BackgroundThe use of a statistical approach to analyze cumulative adverse event (AE) reports has been encouraged by regulatory authorities. However, data variations affect statistical analyses (eg, signal detection). Further, differences in regulations, social issues, and health care systems can cause variations in AE data. The present study examined similarities and differences between two publicly available databases, ie, the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database and the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), and how they affect signal detection.MethodsTwo AE data sources from 2010 were examined, ie, JADER cases (JP) and Japanese cases extracted from the FAERS (FAERS-JP). Three methods for signals of disproportionate reporting, ie, the reporting odds ratio, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and Gamma Poisson Shrinker (GPS), were used on drug-event combinations for three substances frequently recorded in both systems.ResultsThe two databases showed similar elements of AE reports, but no option was provided for a shareable case identifier. The average number of AEs per case was 1.6±1.3 (maximum 37) in the JP and 3.3±3.5 (maximum 62) in the FAERS-JP. Between 5% and 57% of all AEs were signaled by three quantitative methods for etanercept, infliximab, and paroxetine. Signals identified by GPS for the JP and FAERS-JP, as referenced by Japanese labeling, showed higher positive sensitivity than was expected.ConclusionThe FAERS-JP was different from the JADER. Signals derived from both datasets identified different results, but shared certain signals. Discrepancies in type of AEs, drugs reported, and average number of AEs per case were potential contributing factors. This study will help those concerned with pharmacovigilance better understand the use and pitfalls of using spontaneous AE data.

Simultaneous manipulation of both spin and charge is a crucial issue in magnetic conductors. We report on a strong correlation between magnetism and conductivity in the iodine-bonded molecular conductor (DIETSe)2 FeBr2 Cl2 [DIETSe=diiodo(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene], which is the first molecular conductor showing a large hysteresis in both magnetic moment and magnetoresistance associated with a spin-flop transition. Utilizing a mixed-anion approach and iodine bonding interactions, we tailored a molecular conductor with random exchange interactions exhibiting unforeseen physical properties.

Intense light-field application to solids produces enormous/ultrafast non-linear phenomena such as high-harmonic generations 1, 2 and attosecond charge dynamics 3, 4 . They are distinct from conventional photonics. However, main targets have been limited to insulators and semiconductors, although theoretical approaches have been made also for correlated metals and superconductors 5 . Here, in a layered organic superconductor, a non-linear charge oscillation driven by a nearly single-cycle strong electric field of >10 megavolts /cm is observed as a stimulated emission. The charge oscillation is different from a linear response and ascribed to a polar charge oscillation with a period of 6 fs. This non-linear polar charge oscillation is enhanced by critical fluctuations near a superconducting transition temperature and a critical end point of first order Mott transitions. Its observation on an ultrafast timescale of 10 fs clarifies that the Coulomb repulsion plays an essential role in superconductivity of organic superconductors. Supplementary information forNonlinear charge oscillation driven by a single-cycle light field in an organic superconductor

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We present the results of high-pressure transport measurements on the anion-mixed molecular conductors (DIETSe)2MBr2Cl2 [DIETSe = diiodo(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene; M = Fe, Ga]. They undergo a metal-insulator (M-I) transition below 9 K at ambient pressure, which is suppressed by applying pressure, indicating a spin-density-wave (SDW) transition caused by a nesting instability of the quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) Fermi surface, as observed in the parent compounds (DIETSe)2MCl4 [M = Fe, Ga]. In the metallic state, the existence of the Q1D Fermi surface is confirmed by observing the Lebed resonance. The critical pressures of the SDW, Pc, of the MBr2Cl2 [M = Fe, Ga] salts are significantly lower than those of the the MCl4 [M = Fe, Ga] salts, suggesting chemical pressure effects. Above Pc, field-induced SDW transitions appear, as evidenced by kink structures in the magnetoresistance (MR) in both salts. The FeBr2Cl2 salt also shows antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering of d-spins at 4 K, below which significant spin-charge coupling is observed. A large positive MR change up to 150% appears above the spin-flop field at high pressure. At low pressure, in particular below Pc, a dip or kink structure appears in MR at the spin-flop field, which shows unconventionally large hysteresis at low temperature (T < 1 K). The hysteresis region clearly decreases with increasing pressure towards Pc, strongly indicating that the coexisting SDW plays an important role in the enhancement of magnetic hysteresis besides the random exchange interaction.