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The recent increase in scholarly and other professional interest in environmental policy in China is quite remarkable. 1 It is almost as remarkable as the persistent inability of that literature, despite the generally high quality, impressive disciplinary range, and diverse national origins of the contributions, to settle on any clear or widely shared understanding of how environmental policy in China works, or why it works the way it does. The growth of the literature is a direct reflection of two major factors. One is the extent and severity of the environmental problems the leadership of the Chinese party-state 2 has gradually come to acknowledge since the 1970s as the direct and increasingly unattractive and unacceptable consequence of the policies China has chosen to follow. The transformation of the