The term metabolic syndrome (MeS) refers to a cluster of associated symptoms composed of impaired fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. MeS is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and diabetes-associated morbidity and mortality. The increased amount of visceral fat together with a chronic inflammatory state predisposes to the development of arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia are associated with fatty liver disease. In addition, MeS is linked to non-cardiovascular diseases such as cancer as well as psychiatric or endocrine disorders. Here, we discuss the clinical impact of MeS in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases to highlight the importance of prevention, early diagnosis, and multifactorial treatment of high-risk individuals.

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The diabetic emergencies diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) and hypoglycemia represent severe and potentially life-threatening complications of diabetes mellitus that require prompt diagnostics and treatment. Absolute or relative insulin insufficiency is characteristic of DKA und HHS along with severe dehydration. They differ by the prevalence of ketone bodies and the severity of acidosis; however, the treatment regimens are similar. In contrast, hypoglycemia is the limiting factor for achieving ambitious glucose targets. This article decribes the clinical presentation, diagnostics and emergency management of these metabolic derangements.

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