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Muted allusions to second sight and revenants are crucial to the method and meaning of A Farewell to Arms. Like Joyce, Pound, and Eliot, Hemingway draws on European sources—particularly ballads—for his folkloristic motifs; like them, he uses these motifs to invest chaotic contemporary scenes with order and universal significance. For him to adapt the “mythical method” of these writers, however, is a formidable problem, since his vernacular rhetoric cannot accommodate their open, bookish allusions. Consequently, his references to prophetic gifts and returns from the dead, while undeniably present, are not prominent enough to have attracted the critical attention they deserve. For they point and contribute to an unresolved dialectic, between skeptical male and “croyante” female, that is characteristic not only of the Catherine-Frederic relationship but, Hemingway implies, of all love relationships between men and women.

The ECtHR case of Konovov v. Latvia, in which the ECtHR for the first time made express reference to the interpretation and application of international humanitarian law, was first decided by a ECtHR Chamber (App. No. 36376/04 (July 24, 2008)), which held, in a four-three majority, that Kononov's INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MATERIALS [VOL. 49: conviction in Latvia for war crimes committed in 1944 contravened Article 7 (retroactive application of the law) of the Convention. After Latvia had asked for a re-assessment of the case, the Grand Chamber of the ECtHR came to the opposite conclusion in its judgment of May 17, 2010, ruling, by fourteen votes to three, that there had been a sufficiently clear legal basis at the time of the events in 1944 for the crimes for which Kononov was convicted; and hence there was no violation of Article 7.

From 1815 until about 1840 Sir Walter Scott was America's favorite novelist and much the most important model for her own budding fictionalists – Irving, Cooper, Paulding, Simms, Kennedy, Hawthorne, and others. Yet although fairly accurate estimates of Scott's American sales and circulation have been available for several decades, our understanding of his impact on American fiction has made only modest advances since the 1930s. While echoes of the Waverley novels can be discovered everywhere in American Romantic fiction, usually the louder they sound the more they signal merely the borrower's failure of inspiration or nerve. Scott's example was most fruitful where it was comparatively unobtrusive – partly because the best writers were best able thoroughly to adapt Scott's European scenes, characters, and conflicts to American experience, but also because at its best Scott's influence was of the self-effacing kind that helped Cooper, Hawthorne, and their contemporaries find their own true bent as American writers.On one occasion, however, Scott provoked a more revealing response by invading American home territory.

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