Diagnosis of primary aortoenteric fistula requires a high index of suspicion in cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, especially when endoscopy is negative and there is no knowledge of the existence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. CT scan and prompt surgery are crucial to the survival of these patients.

Lymphangiomas of the thoracic wall are extremely rare lesions and wide resection is recommended due to the high recurrence rate of these benign lesions.

Treatment is supportive, but that complication of pericardial window procedures may carry a high mortality rate.

Pleurodesis is a reasonable and effective treatment modality for patients with refractory chylothorax.

The thoracic surgeon may be suspicious of this condition, even if the patient history and imaging obscure the clinical picture.