This paper presents a comparison of the activity for methane oxidation of selected commercial platinum, palladium, and platinum‐palladium supported catalysts. Precious metal loadings are typical of those found in the catalytic converters for lean‐burn natural gas engines. Experiments are presented for de‐greened as well as hydrothermally aged catalysts, both in the presence and the absence of water. For the platinum catalyst, fraction conversion of methane is shown to be independent of methane concentration, while for the palladium‐containing catalysts a dependence of conversion on methane partial pressure is observed. For catalysts containing palladium, reduction in hydrogen gives an increase in methane conversion activity, although the increase is subsequently lost in the oxidizing atmosphere. Hydrothermal aging of the platinum catalyst causes a relatively large and permanent loss in methane oxidation activity, while the palladium‐based catalysts showed more resistance to deactivation. Adding a small amount of palladium to the platinum catalyst provides an overall improvement in performance.

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This paper presents results obtained for the thermal and hydrothermal ageing of seven commercial precious metals-based catalysts for the combustion of methane. Experiments are performed in a large excess of oxygen representing lean conditions. Temperatures used are those typically found in lean burn compression ignition engines. The precious metals used were platinum, palladium and rhodium, present either singly or in combination. The most active catalyst contains a platinum and palladium mixture, with palladium being dominant. This catalyst was also the least affected by both thermal and hydrothermal ageing. The second most active catalyst contained only palladium, but this catalyst also demonstrated more susceptibility to ageing. The least active catalyst contained only platinum, although this catalyst was also the least affected by hydrothermal ageing. The addition of rhodium to either palladium or platinum–palladium catalysts caused a more rapid loss in activity at higher temperatures, although the loss in activity at lower temperatures was similar in magnitude to those catalysts without rhodium. In some cases, cycling the reactor temperature between high and low restored some activity to the catalyst. In all cases, the catalyst activity was observed to be lower in the presence of water, after both thermal and hydrothermal ageing.

Heavy oil in reservoirs exists in the form of either water in heavy oil (w/ho) emulsions after primary production under water drive, or during secondary recovery methods such as water or steam injection. In many cases, the decision to apply any secondary or tertiary methods such as CO2 or CH4 injection depends on the understanding of the behavior of these gases in w/ho emulsions at reservoir conditions. Such an understanding can reduce the uncertainties in reservoir modeling by providing an adequate fluid model for reservoir simulation and history matching studies. In this paper, we focus on the interfacial properties, relative volume change, and PVT behavior of CO2 and CH4 in (w/ho) emulsions. We first generated the (w/ho) emulsion using steam at 150oC. Next, the stability of our emulsion was tested using different criteria such as phase separation, viscosity of the produced emulsion compared with that of the starting oil, and the size and number of water droplets in the continuous medium. The experiments were run using two types of heavy oils that are collected from two representative fields in eastern Alberta, type A oil (27,000 cP) and type B oil (4,351 cP). A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the impact of different operational variables such as water content in the emulsion, water pH, and flow rate; additionally, the role of asphaltene and resin in emulsion stability was investigated. The influence of water content in the emulsion was found to be critical and thus subsequent IFT and relative volume measurements as well as PVT analyses were conducted using emulsions of different water contents with a vol.% range from 10-70. The results were compared with a dead oil (no water) case. Two types of gases typically used to improve recovery in Alberta were tested: CO2 and CH4. IFT and volume measurements indicate the existence of critical water content which dramatically changes the behavior of the system; generally, emulsions with water content below this critical value exhibit lower IFT than the original oil, and the IFT falls steadily as the water content increases. The trend is reversed when the water content exceeds the critical value and IFT starts increasing before it stabilizes. This process happens when the water content reaches a vol.% higher than 50; however, it remains below that of the original oil. Regarding volume ratio, there seems to be a clear relationship between pressure and volume ratio of the emulsion and CO2 system. Overall, volume ratio increases as pressure increases regardless of water content. In general, for experiments run with CO2, data suggests that water content affects the rate of expansion, but ultimately the final volume ratio remains the same. The results of this work are significant in that they indicate the phase behavior of w/ho emulsions, and that CO2 and CH4 can vary considerably depending on the composition of oil and water content in the system. IFT, relative volume, and PVT measurements provide key information needed to build an adequate fluid model to reduce the uncertainties in reservoir simulation and history matching.

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