Developing the requisite skills for engaging proactively with feedback is crucial for academic success. This paper reports data concerning the perceived usefulness of the Developing Engagement with Feedback Toolkit (DEFT) in supporting the development of students' feedback literacy skills. In Study 1, student participants were surveyed about their use of feedback, and their perceptions of the utility of the DEFT resources. In Study 2, students discussed the resources in focus groups. Study 3 compared students' responses on a measure of feedback literacy before and after they completed a DEFT feedback workshop. Participants perceived the DEFT favorably, and the data indicate that such resources may enhance students' general feedback literacy. However, the data raise questions about when such an intervention would be of greatest value to students, the extent to which students would or should engage voluntarily, and whether it would engage those students with the greatest need for developmental support.

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Background: Targeting modifiable risk factors may have a role in the prevention of Alzheimers disease. However, the mechanisms by which these risk factors influence Alzheimers risk remain incompletely understood. Genomic structural equation modelling can reveal patterns of shared genetic architecture that provide insight into the pathophysiology of complex traits. Methods: We identified genome-wide association studies for Alzheimers disease and its major modifiable risk factors: less education, hearing loss, hypertension, high alcohol intake, obesity, smoking, depression, social isolation, physical inactivity, type 2 diabetes, sleep disturbance and socioeconomic deprivation. We performed linkage disequilibrium score regression among these traits, followed by exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Results: We identified complex networks of linkage disequilibrium among Alzheimers disease risk factors. The data were best explained by a bi-factor model, incorporating a Common Factor for Alzheimers risk, and three orthogonal sub-clusters of risk factors, which were validated across the two halves of the autosome. The first sub-cluster was characterised by risk factors related to sedentary lifestyle behaviours, the second by traits associated with reduced life expectancy and the third by traits that are possible prodromes of Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease was more genetically distinct and displayed minimal shared genetic architecture with its risk factors, which was robust to the exclusion of APOE. Conclusion: Shared genetic architecture may contribute to epidemiological associations between Alzheimers disease and its risk factors. Understanding the biology reflected by this communality may provide novel mechanistic insights that could help to prioritise targets for dementia prevention.

Background Offenders with personality disorder can be challenging to engage and retain in treatment. The UK Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway aims to proactively and responsively identify and engage offenders with personality disorder. However, a subpopulation of offenders on the pathway have been found to not be accepted into any OPD service and therefore fail to progress. Objective This study aims to identify and describe offenders on the OPD pathway who fail to progress and to understand the causal drivers by which individuals fail to progress in the pathway. Methods A sample of 50 offenders on the OPD pathway who had been refused from at least two OPD services (nonprogression group) were compared to 100 offenders accepted into OPD services (control group). Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to model the causal factors involved in not being accepted into OPD services. Results The path coefficients in the structural model showed that the most influential factor in nonprogression was attitude toward treatment (β=.41; P<.001; f2=0.25) alongside those with psychopathology (β=.41; P<.001; f2=0.25), specifically, psychopathy, psychosis, and co-occurring personality disorder. Conclusions The findings of the study provide a basis of how to work with this population in the future to increase the likelihood of acceptance into OPD services.

Objectives This systematic review explored factors associated with successful reintegration into the community for male offenders and investigated which factors may be causally related to reintegration. Methods Database searches were conducted in November 2021; a narrative synthesis and associated causal model with directed acyclic graph (DAG) was used to analyse the factors of reintegration. Results Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk-Need-Responsivity–based interventions had the strongest evidence for reducing post-release offending. Fourteen good-quality studies met the inclusion criteria. The DAG shows six exposure variables (prison visits, witnessing victimisation, recovery perception, risk assessment, in-prison treatment, and pre-prison health) which link to several post-release outcomes (criminal justice outcomes, drug use, mental health, housing, and reintegration barriers) and confounding variables (demographics, offending history, prior reintegration barriers, substance misuse and attitudes). Conclusions The review identified factors that may be causally related to reintegration for male offenders and warrant further empirical investigation.