External focus is a way to guide human movement based on outcome rather than execution, therefore all instructions are provided based on factors present in the environment. The aim of this review is to search information about the effects of external focus in the long jump task and to compare its outcomes with other learning methods. For the research, online database search engines such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Cinahl, and Scopus were used from January 2010 to June 2020. About 41 articles were identified by searching the online databases, 12 were discarded because they were duplicates, 11 were excluded due to the content of the abstract, and finally, 5 were excluded after evaluating the content of the full text, leaving 13 articles to be included in this review. This review sought to summarize the findings in the literature on the use of external focus in the practice of long jump. The authors concluded that the external focus is a relevant approach and can be used as a tool for the learning process.

We employed the Brazilian Mood Scale (BMS) through Google Forms to assess the mood state of the athletes, which was sent to them at 8 pm the day before the first match. We considered only responses received until 10 pm (GMT-3). In addition to the BMS, we included two extra questions: "last night's sleep hours" and "how do you feel now?". The athletes were required to choose one of the following five items: very bad, bad, regular, good, or excellent. We collected statistical data of the matches, including points scored, points conceded, set , set defeats, matches won, and match defeats. To verify the correlation and differences between variables, we employed Bayesian analysis. The Bayesian ANOVA model, which included sleep quality on fatigue, was 12.465 times more likely than the null model. Post-hoc analyses revealed that bad sleepers were 5.545 times more likely to experience more fatigue than good sleepers. Our findings suggest that worse sleep quality is associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing increased fatigue. We also found anecdotal evidence, using Bayesian analysis, for a potential interference of sleep quality in confusion, vigor, and tension. However, when testing the interference of sleep quality in depression or anger using frequentist analysis, we did not detect any significant differences. Finally, our data did not support any hypotheses of interference of sleep quality in match statistics. Key words: Bayesian analysis, fatigue, depression, confusion, sport, performance.

Introduction Obesity is one of the major diseases of modern times. However, the explanation for its pathophysiology is recent and has not yet been fully elucidated. White adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes adipokines that affect several pathologies related to obesity. Excessive growth of this tissue results in increased levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines and a consequent decrease in anti-inflammatory adipokines. Nevertheless, most studies use moderate intensity training, limiting the understanding of high intensity interval training in these proteins. Objective To verify the latest information on the effects of HIIT in improving the profile of circulating adipokines. Methods A search was performed on the databases PUBMED, Lilacs, HighWire, BVS and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, with the following keywords: HIIT adipokines, HIIT leptin, HIIT adiponectin. Eleven studies were selected, published in English and Portuguese between 2013 and 2017. Results HIIT proved to be effective in increasing adiponectin in the adolescent population and in Olympic athletes, but this depended on a good prescription parameter and exercise intensity. However, maximum or supramaximal intensities were superior to low and moderate intensities. In turn, leptin presented a significant decrease in response to HIIT due to the reduction of adipose tissue, demonstrating a directly proportional relation. Other adipokines, such as omentin-1 and interleukin-10, also responded positively to HIIT, resulting in improved anti-inflammatory status. Conclusion HIIT proved to be an efficient method to reduce inflammation due to obesity, as well as inducing an improvement in sports performance. However, the effects depend on training volume, intensity and prescription method. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic study–Investigating the results of treatment.

This study aimed to analyze the relationships between swimming competitive events, functional classification and relative age and to detect if the relative age affects performance in Brazilian swimmers and para swimmers. Data were retrieved from public databases and birth dates were classified in four quartiles (Q1 = January-March; Q2 = April-June; Q3 = July-September; Q4 = October-December). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used. The 50 m freestyle is the competitive event with 2349 swimmers, followed by 100 m (n = 1817) and 200 m freestyle (n = 905), and 200 m butterfly with 42 swimmers. Para swimmers are mainly distributed to S14, S6 and S5 functional classes (n = 140, 87 and 45), and individual medley events were less represented at SM3, SM9 and SM11 (n = 1 swimmer). Most of swimming events (86.36%) and para swimming functional classes (51.43%) are represented by swimmers and para swimmers born in the first and second quartiles. Moderate associations between functional classification and relative age were observed (p < 0.0001, Cramer’s V = 0.277). No effects of relative age on swimmers and para swimmers’ performance were noticed (p > 0.05). The great functional class seems to be related to great para swimmers’ relative age. Quartiles distribution shows the advantage of being born in the first months of the year to be registered among the most talented Brazilian swimmers and para swimmers.

Attractor-based training (ABT) aims to develop advantageous, fixed, and low-energy states in the movement of the individual. A healthy and active decathlete was used, with three years of decathlon experience and age of 16 years. The volunteer conducts his training in a social project and began training at the High Yield Training Academy of the Estacio do Ceará University Center. Due to the financial and equipment limitations of the project that the athlete participates, the athlete does not train the high jump. The study lasted 28 weeks and the training was divided into three phases: structural, intramuscular coordination, and intermuscular coordination. The marks were separated according to the running weeks until the new competition. Results show an improvement of 25 centimeters about the initial mark after 28 weeks. The athlete had an improvement over his mark before starting the ABT, even though he did not train the high jump.